King Cotton and the Economy of the Old South

King Cotton was a phrase coined in the years before the Civil War to refer to the economy of the American South. The southern economy was particularly dependent on cotton. And, as cotton was very much in demand, both in America and Europe, it created a special set of circumstances. Great profits could be made by growing cotton. But as most of the cotton was being picked by enslaved people, the cotton industry was essentially synonymous with slavery. And by extension,  the thriving textile industry, which was centered on mills in northern states as well as in England, was inextricably linked to the institution of American  slavery. When the banking system of the United States was rocked by periodic financial panics, the cotton-based economy of the South was at times immune to the problems. Following the Panic of 1857, a South Carolina senator, James Hammond, taunted politicians from the North during a debate in the U.S. Senate: You dare not make war on cotton. No power on earth dares make war upon it. Cotton is king. As the textile industry in England imported vast quantities of cotton from the American South, some political leaders in the South were hopeful that Great Britain might support the Confederacy during the Civil War. That did not happen. With cotton serving as the economic backbone of the South before the Civil War, the loss of enslaved labor that came with  emancipation  changed the situation. However, with the institution of sharecropping, which in practice was generally close to slave labor, the dependence on cotton as a primary crop continued well into the 20th century. Conditions Which Led to a Dependence on Cotton When white settlers came into the American South, they discovered very fertile farmland which turned out to be some of the best lands in the world for growing cotton. Eli Whitneys invention of the cotton gin, which automated the work of cleaning cotton fiber, made it possible to process more cotton than ever before. And, of course, what made enormous cotton crops profitable was cheap labor, in the form of enslaved Africans. The picking of cotton fibers from the plants was very difficult to work which had to be done by hand. So the harvesting of cotton required an enormous workforce. As the cotton industry grew, the number of slaves in America also increased during the early 19th century. Many of them, especially in the lower South, were engaged in cotton farming. And though the United States instituted a ban against importing slaves early in the 19th century, the growing need for slaves to farm cotton inspired a large and thriving internal slave trade. For example, slave traders in Virginia would transport slaves southward, to the slave markets in New Orleans and other Deep South cities. Dependence on Cotton Was a Mixed Blessing By the time of the Civil War, two-thirds of the cotton produced in the world came from the American South. Textile factories in Britain used enormous quantities of cotton from America. When the Civil War began, the Union Navy blockaded the ports of the South as part of General Winfield Scotts Anaconda Plan. And  cotton exports were effectively stopped. While some cotton was able to get out, carried by ships known as blockade runners, it became  impossible to maintain a steady supply of American cotton to British mills. Cotton growers in other countries, primarily Egypt and India, increased production to satisfy the British market. And with the cotton economy essentially stalled, the South was at a severe economic disadvantage during the Civil War. It has been estimated that cotton exports before the Civil War were approximately $192 million. In 1865, following the end of the war, exports amounted to less than $7 million. Cotton Production After the Civil War Though the war ended the use of enslaved labor in the cotton industry, cotton was still the preferred crop in the South. The system of sharecropping, in which farmers did not own the land but worked it for a portion of the profits, came into widespread use. And the most common crop in the sharecropping system was cotton. In the later decades of the 19th-century prices of cotton dropped, and that contributed to the severe poverty throughout much of the South. The reliance upon cotton, which had been so profitable earlier in the century, proved to be a severe problem by the 1880s and 1890s.

Illegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration - 1073 Words

Griffin Tritto Politics Paper 5/1/17 Immigration Through the past few decades, the rise of illegal immigrants has been both good and bad. The topic of illegal immigration has recently been brought up frequently by politicians, seeing the economic problems that have occurred. An â€Å"illegal† immigrant is somebody who enters a country without following the proper legal requirements to make them a citizen. Illegal immigration is not only taking place in the United States, but all over the globe. The United States has seen the most amount of illegal immigrants by far. A 2010 Census reported that there were more than 10 million immigrants living in the United States. Although many disagree, saying that that number is only an estimate, some†¦show more content†¦There are parents who use the government health care and welfare checks on their own needs instead of the child’s. California governor Pete Wilson commissioned a study in 1994 to find the cost of these services given to illegal immigrants. The study stated taxpayer’s pay on average $4 billion annually for unemployment, medical, educational, and several other government services. That study was done in 1994, so it may be much more considering inflation. With the debate of job security, there is the realization that is it even possible to stop illegal immigration? They come into the U.S via the Mexican border, Canadian border, and on cargo ships. There have been many ideas brought to light including building a wall along the Mexican border, to putting troops at the border to patrol it. â€Å"The power is there to do it†, said New York mayor Rudy Giuliani, â€Å"we just need to leadership to put it into effect.† Not only would this stop illegal immigration, but it would also increase the number of jobs available to blue-collar American workers. Recently many states and local cities have been trying to take illegal immigration into their own hands, including Hazleton, Pennsylvania, who released this statement: â€Å"With so many immigrants, an estimated 10,000, moving from New York City to this small rural town, the mayor Lou Barletta and local lawmakers took action and passed a law stating that any business employing illegal immigrants willShow MoreRelatedIllegal Immigrants : Illegal Immigration1627 Words   |  7 PagesIllegal Immigration in the US What does illegal immigration mean to a hard working, middle class worker providing for a family of four? What does illegal immigration mean to someone who is getting jobs taken right underneath them from illegal immigrants that are willing to work the same job for a lower paycheck? What does illegal immigration mean to someone who is in need for a job? Illegal immigration is an epidemic occurring in the United States of America, the land of the free (to the legal citizens)Read MoreIllegal Immigration : Illegal Immigrants955 Words   |  4 PagesIllegal Immigration Problems In the United States, there are roughly eleven million people who can be classified as illegal immigrants, which is by far way too many. When it comes to the history of illegal immigrants, most United States citizens could be considered as an illegal immigrant. In the early years of American history, our ancestors fled into this country for better life styles and to start their own families. During this time there were not laws dealing with who could and could not enterRead MoreIllegal Immigration : Illegal Immigrants949 Words   |  4 PagesIllegal immigrants have been a hot topic lately due to the popularity of this topic amongst the Republican Presidential Nominees, especially Donald Trump. These illegal immigrants bring various things to this country when they come. Some things are positive, such as a family simply seeking to find a better life, while some things are harmful to the United States, such as the amount of crime among illegal immigrants. In July 2015, the most recen t estimate of illegal immigrants was 11.2 million. ThisRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration1100 Words   |  5 PagesIllegal immigration Over the past few years illegal immigration has become a bigger problem. Statistics reveal that more and more immigrants are entering the country illegally by crossing the borders. If something is not done soon, this may get out of hand and be to gone far not to handle. The number of illegal immigrants have gone up over the past years drastically In 2011, there were 40 million immigrants in the U.S. Of that 11.1 million were illegal. Although the number of illegalRead MoreIllegal Immigrants : Illegal Immigration1155 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Illegal Immigration is a huge topic especially in 2017, bringing in different aspects about illegal immigrants. Illegal immigrants are told to be killers, drug dealers, job stealers and whom also hurt the U.S. economy. Is this true? Could it possibly be that they do all of this to hurt the United States? Or could it be that they truly come here for the American Dream? On one side of people’s perspectives illegal immigrants come here to help provide for their family and don’t takeRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration1902 Words   |  8 PagesSince the 1980s, the US government has undertaken initiatives to make its borders more non-porous to illegal immigration from its neighboring countries. The menace of illegal immigrants seeking better opportunities in the USA started reflecting in the 1970s. The migrating people are motivated by the better non-skilled or semi-skilled employment opportunities in the USA and the relatively higher remuneration for se rvices rendered in the USA than in the neighbor countries especially Mexico (HansonRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration1286 Words   |  6 Pages Undocumented Immigration An analysis of illegal immigration in the United States reveals one challenge facing the banks and other institutions: whether to provide banking and other services to the illegal immigrants or to treat them as criminals because they are illegal and therefore, not to provide them with banking and other services. The articles, â€Å"Crossing the Line† by Stein and â€Å"Illegal Immigrants – They’re Money,† by Rodriguez discuss the impact of illegal immigration in the United StatesRead MoreIllegal Immigration And Illegal Immigrants1335 Words   |  6 PagesIllegal immigration has been one of the main topics during the last three presidential election. Many bills and laws have been passed in order to keep them out but is it really necessary to neglect illegal immigrant? Most Americans believe that illegal immigrants are only people of Mexicans or Latin American descent but illegal immigrants can be from any race or country. Illegal immigration is defined by United States Department of Homeland Security as â€Å"†¦ all foreign-born non-citizens who are notRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration964 Words   |  4 Pages Attention Step (quotation, question, or story) About four months ago in government class, we had a class discussion. The topic was illegal immigration. One student said that America should send the illegal immigrants back to their country because they are taking American’s jobs. He stated that he would send his dad back to Mexico because he is an illegal immigrant. Going around the circle that we created, everyone gave their opinions, most disagreed, but some agreed with the student. When it wasRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration1044 Words   |  5 Pagesmany Americans take for granted. Many of the illegal immigrants come to America where they hope to obtain the freedom that is not given in their country. There is a serious problem with the immigration policy: it is very difficult for immigrants to become an actual U.S. citizen. If the policy were to be readjusted, and the length of time the immigrant has to live in the United States before they can become a citizen were to be shortened, illegal immigratio n could be slowed or even stopped. According

Financial Structuring at Euro Disney Free Essays

Financial structuring at euro Disney 1984-85 Disney negotiates with Spain and France to create a European theme park. Chooses France as the site. 1987Disney signs letter of intent with the French government. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Structuring at Euro Disney or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1988 Selects lead commercial bank lenders for the senior portion of the project. Forms the (SNC). Beings planning for the equity offering of 51% of Euro Disneyland as required in the letter of intent. 1989 European press and stock analysts visit Walt Disney World in Orlando. Being extensive news and television campaign. Stock stars trading at 20-25 percent premium from the issue price. The layout of Euro Disneyland Euro Disneyland is determinedly American in its theme. There was an alcohol ban in the park despite the attitude amoung the French that wine with a meal is God-given right. Designers presented a plan for a Main Street USA, based on scenes of America in the 1920S. Eisner decreed that images of gangsters and speakeasies were too negative. Thiug made more ornate and Victorian than Walt Disney’s idealized Midwestern small town. Main Street remained Main Street. Steamships leave from Main Street the Grand Canyou Diorama en riunte to Frontierland. It was replaced by a gleaming brass and wood complex called Discoverland, which was based on themes of Jules Verne and Leonardo da Vinci. Eisner ordered $8 or $10 million in extras ti the â€Å" Visionarium ’’, exhibit, a360-degree movie about French culture which was required by the French in their original contract. With the American Wild West being so frequently captured on film, Europeans have their own idea if what life was like back then. In Fantasyland, designers strived to avoid competing with the nearby European reality of actual medieval towns, cathedrals, and chateaux. The park is criss-crossed with covered walkways. Eisner personally ordered the installation of 35 fireplaces in hotels and restaurants. Children all over Europe were primed to consume. Even one of the intellectuals who contributed to Disney-bashing broadsheet was forced to admit with resignation that his 10year-old son † swears by Michael Jackson † At Euro Disneyland, under the name † Capital Eo,† Disney just so happened to have a Michael Jackson attracting him. Disney expected to serve 15000 to 17000 meals per hour, excluding snake. Menus and service system were developed so that they varied both in style and price. There is a 400 seat buffet, 6 table service restaurant, 12 counter service units, 10 snack bars, 1 Discovery food court seating 850, 9 popcorn wagons, 15 ice-cream carts, 14 specialty food carts, and 2 employee cafeterias. Food service will reflect the fable’s country of origin: Pinocchio’s facility having German food; Cinderella’s French; Bella Notte’s, Italian and so on. Many Europeans don’t care much for very spicy food, Tex-Mex recipes were toned down. A special coffee blend had to be developed which would have universal appeal. Hot dog cart would reflect the regionalism of American tastes. How to cite Financial Structuring at Euro Disney, Papers

Intimate Partner Violence

Question: Write about theIntimate Partner Violence. Answer: Introduction Intimate Partner Violence is a term that refers to violence that takes place within the framework of marriages or intimate relationships between a man and a woman or people of the same sex relationships. What really is Intimate Partner Violence? It refers to the act of violence committed to a persons mental, physical or emotional state. Violence can occur in any relationship and does not depend on the sexual orientation of the relationship. It is prevalent among both homosexuals and heterosexuals. Different people behave violently in relationships for different reasons.(CDC, n.d.)Feminist Approach to Criminology rose about the time when second wave of feminism hit around the year 1960s. Some of the Pioneers of Feminism Criminology are Frances Heidensohn, Dorie Klein, Carol Smart and Freda Adler. According to Feminist approach of Criminology, radical feminists believe that men who violate women do it for the sake of gaining power over women species. In order to understand why people b ehave violently, a brief analysis on the theoretical background of certain behaviours will be studied in the following sections. This will in turn help the readers to also find policy solutions to such behaviours or deal with root causes of such behavioural issues. Causes (Theories) Social scientists have long made observations on what causes intimate partner violences. Alcohol, poverty, aggression or patriarchy there can be end number of reasons. Such a study is even more challenging than a medical practitioner studying the cause of a disease. Such cases are reported less and everything depends on the few sources reported. In this paper the causes of physical violence caused as a part of intimate partner violence is discussed. Age, Social Demographic Features One of the primary reasons can be age or other social demographical features age or ethnicity. In certain cases age can be associated with violence. However, age of partners in a marriage or any intimate relationship so far has not shown to be the reason for such violences. In societies where intimate partner relationship is scare more of such violence is witnessed in marriage relationships. Other social demographical characteristics like living in crowded places and sharing same space as in-laws all can be speculated to be such causes. Belonging to different ethnic group, income and education all can be causes of such violent acts. Stress and Poverty It is believed that one of the contributors to violence in intimate partners is stress arising out of poverty. Hence socio economical status plays a role in this. Power, Sexual Identity and Poverty Arguments are made whether masculine identification can be a cause of intimate partner violence (Jewkes, 2017) . The idea of manhood not being satisfied due to poor social living condition and not being able to match the expected status generates ego and shame which in turn increases level of aggression in humans. Alcohol Heavy consumption of alcohol in both men and women is often associated with aggressive behaviour in many intimate partner relationships. Relationship of Different Theories with Intimate Partner Violence As per the general strain theory, men and women who are participants of intimate partner violence like murders goes through a variety of emotions and stress for long years (Li and Paul, 2013). The resultant violence is a result of those stressful emotional strenuous experiences they go through with their partners. As per the strain theory causes of such violence are strenuous feelings like losing of control on the relationship, suspecting infidelity of the other partner, jealousy, separation or extreme rage. Researchers also are of the opinion that the residential neighbourhood environment has a role to play in this regard. Distress in the household economy or social surrounding all are inter related to the various influencing factors which makes individuals impatient and stressful. It is true that partners in a relationship that are financially well performing makes their social surroundings organized and live well. However the inherent structure of the society or community one live s can boost or hinder occurrences of crime in people in intimate relationships. These factors can be socio economic status of the community, residential stability, heterogeneity of ethnic factors, and deterioration in home, family disruptions, population and overcrowding. The feminist theory in such violences states that there occur the factors of gender and opposite sex relationship inequalities. There is the main focus believed which gives people a social message sanctioning use of violence in men more than in women and showcase aggression in life. It is a pre defined set of gender role stated dictating how both the genders will b behaving in stress full conditions in an intimate relationship. It is the approach of the society which divides women to be non violent and men the opposite. Theory that Best Explains Intimate Partner Violence After a thorough analysis of the various theories that lead to crime, it would be safe to mention the theory that best describes Intimate Partner violence is Feminist Approach Theory. Feminist theory is a body of ideas that is used to understand aspects of relationships between men and women in various areas such as politics, sexuality and power relationships. The feminist theory believes that different exposure and socialization patterns of men and women in our society have led to domestic violence in many homes. According to this theory, society is conditioned to think that men and women are different and must be seen or treated differently, which has led to the condoning of male chauvinism, sexism and male privilege of varying degrees. It is due to such belief system that society condones violence against women and regards it as normal. As a result of the patriarchal nature of the society, it is considered okay to exact subservience from women. Violence against women has been used for many years to keep women confined to their homes and intimidation is used as a technique to not seek help in the respective matter. However, modern Feminism has been key in creating awareness about violence against women and has provided a framework to understand and address the issue of intimate partner violence in the society. (Criminal Justice Research, n.d.) Critical ExplanationBetween the Theory and the Offence The claims that feminist theorists have made have been further explained by other schools of thought, especially Radical Feminism which states that for several years women have been the subject of marital violence in homes and the perpetrator has most often been men. The theory seeks to prove that violence is used to control the sexual and social freedom women enjoy. When women tend to gain equality in the professional realm, it is believed that expecting the same within the confines of the home becomes a matter of concern to men who then try to violate women in various ways such as marital rape, physical and mental abuse. Domestic Violence is also used to destroy the effort of women to gain equality and equal social status with men in their homes as well as in the society they live in. The fact that majority of the researches prove that the victim in most intimate partner violence are women and the perpetrator is men shows that the assumption of feminist theory is somewhat in line w ith what it claims. This claim has been established by many other researchers who believed that most of the crimes in domestic arenas had been committed by men and not women. There may be very few cases where men have been on the receiving end, however feminist theory does not deny that there are women, though rare, who use violence in their homes against men, but the motive for violence in a man and a woman differs in great degrees. (Criminal Justice Research, n.d.) Compare with Two Other Theories and Explain the Superiority of Chosen Theory There are two other theories apart from the Feminist Approach Theory that may be possible causes for domestic violence however Feminist Approach Theory is the most likely theory one can take as a reference point to understand such acts of violence in relationships. General Strain theory believes that the strain that a person goes through in their lives may cause them to act violently in their relationships. These situations may be events where the person is not treated as they would like to be treated or situations where individuals are forced to behave in a non- conformist manner etc; Strain refers to the day-to-day strain, strain related to financial situations, materials gains or status are all reasons that may cause a person to feel stressed and they may find ways to handle these issues. The problem to this theory in using it to understand Intimate Partner Violence is that, this theory does not explain why people may behave violently in their relationship. Just because they are s trained in a particular area of their life does not mean they beat their spouse. There may be a very small percentage of people who may do that but not a majority. Now one can consider the premise of Self- Control theory, which states that some partners choose to behave in a certain way and only towards a certain people. For instance, they may not hit a police man or their bosses at office. These people may also choose to beat their spouse in a private place and not in front of anyone which shows that it is in their ability to control themselves from reacting in a violent manner depending on the place, however to believe that as a rule is not completely true because not all men think before they beat their spouses. Moreover, people who go through an abusive childhood are seldom in a position to control their frustration and anger that has been pent up over so many years. (HR Library, n.d.) Conclusion Responding to violence against women has gained much attention and there has been promising changes that have taken place in the social media premises regarding such issues. People have been more vocal about violence against them and have made attempts to punish such behavior. A number of actions on a national level have been taken in the UK with regard to victims of domestic violence. About 40 million pounds has been allocated to fund support services and national helpline services to help women The popular This is Abuse campaign in partnership with Hollyoaks and MTV. Domestic Violence Disclosure Scheme allows the police to disclose any past history of a persons violent behaviour to the public so that people can make an informed decision regarding entering into a relationship with them These are some of the approaches that the Government of UK has taken as a means of helping women as well as other victims of domestic violence. (Gov. UK, 2015). References R. (2001). Building on the Foundation of General Strain Theory: Specifying The Types Of Strain Most Likely To Lead To Crime And Delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. Sage Publications. Last Accessed 23rd May, 2017. (n.d.). Intimate Partner Violence. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/intimatepartnerviolence/. Last Accessed 23rd May, 2017. Criminal Justice Research. (n.d.) Feminist Theory and Domestic Violence. Available: https://criminal-justice.iresearchnet.com/crime/domestic-violence/feminist-theory/5/. Last Accessed 23rd May, 2017. M. (2015). Theories of Intimate Partner Abuse. Linked in. Available: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/theories-intimate-partner-abuse-michael-francis. Last Accessed 23rd May, 2017. UK. (2015). 210-2015Government Policy: Violence against Women and Girls. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2010-to-2015-government-policy-violence-against-women-and-girls/2010-to-2015-government-policy-violence-against-women-and-girls#bills-and-legislation. Last Accessed 23rd May, 2017. HR Library. (n.d.). Theories of Violence. Available: https://hrlibrary.umn.edu/svaw/domestic/link/theories.htm. Last Accessed 23rd May, 2017. Jewkes, R. (2016). Intimate partner violence: causes and prevention. Available: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.476.8911rep=rep1type=pdf. Last accessed 26th May 2017. Li, E and Paul, M. (2013). A general strain theory of intimate partner homicide. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 4 (3), p1-20. (n.d.). Intimate Partner Violence. Pan America Health Organization. Last Accessed 23rd May, 2017.