King Cotton and the Economy of the Old South

King Cotton was a phrase coined in the years before the Civil War to refer to the economy of the American South. The southern economy was particularly dependent on cotton. And, as cotton was very much in demand, both in America and Europe, it created a special set of circumstances. Great profits could be made by growing cotton. But as most of the cotton was being picked by enslaved people, the cotton industry was essentially synonymous with slavery. And by extension,  the thriving textile industry, which was centered on mills in northern states as well as in England, was inextricably linked to the institution of American  slavery. When the banking system of the United States was rocked by periodic financial panics, the cotton-based economy of the South was at times immune to the problems. Following the Panic of 1857, a South Carolina senator, James Hammond, taunted politicians from the North during a debate in the U.S. Senate: You dare not make war on cotton. No power on earth dares make war upon it. Cotton is king. As the textile industry in England imported vast quantities of cotton from the American South, some political leaders in the South were hopeful that Great Britain might support the Confederacy during the Civil War. That did not happen. With cotton serving as the economic backbone of the South before the Civil War, the loss of enslaved labor that came with  emancipation  changed the situation. However, with the institution of sharecropping, which in practice was generally close to slave labor, the dependence on cotton as a primary crop continued well into the 20th century. Conditions Which Led to a Dependence on Cotton When white settlers came into the American South, they discovered very fertile farmland which turned out to be some of the best lands in the world for growing cotton. Eli Whitneys invention of the cotton gin, which automated the work of cleaning cotton fiber, made it possible to process more cotton than ever before. And, of course, what made enormous cotton crops profitable was cheap labor, in the form of enslaved Africans. The picking of cotton fibers from the plants was very difficult to work which had to be done by hand. So the harvesting of cotton required an enormous workforce. As the cotton industry grew, the number of slaves in America also increased during the early 19th century. Many of them, especially in the lower South, were engaged in cotton farming. And though the United States instituted a ban against importing slaves early in the 19th century, the growing need for slaves to farm cotton inspired a large and thriving internal slave trade. For example, slave traders in Virginia would transport slaves southward, to the slave markets in New Orleans and other Deep South cities. Dependence on Cotton Was a Mixed Blessing By the time of the Civil War, two-thirds of the cotton produced in the world came from the American South. Textile factories in Britain used enormous quantities of cotton from America. When the Civil War began, the Union Navy blockaded the ports of the South as part of General Winfield Scotts Anaconda Plan. And  cotton exports were effectively stopped. While some cotton was able to get out, carried by ships known as blockade runners, it became  impossible to maintain a steady supply of American cotton to British mills. Cotton growers in other countries, primarily Egypt and India, increased production to satisfy the British market. And with the cotton economy essentially stalled, the South was at a severe economic disadvantage during the Civil War. It has been estimated that cotton exports before the Civil War were approximately $192 million. In 1865, following the end of the war, exports amounted to less than $7 million. Cotton Production After the Civil War Though the war ended the use of enslaved labor in the cotton industry, cotton was still the preferred crop in the South. The system of sharecropping, in which farmers did not own the land but worked it for a portion of the profits, came into widespread use. And the most common crop in the sharecropping system was cotton. In the later decades of the 19th-century prices of cotton dropped, and that contributed to the severe poverty throughout much of the South. The reliance upon cotton, which had been so profitable earlier in the century, proved to be a severe problem by the 1880s and 1890s.

Illegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration - 1073 Words

Griffin Tritto Politics Paper 5/1/17 Immigration Through the past few decades, the rise of illegal immigrants has been both good and bad. The topic of illegal immigration has recently been brought up frequently by politicians, seeing the economic problems that have occurred. An â€Å"illegal† immigrant is somebody who enters a country without following the proper legal requirements to make them a citizen. Illegal immigration is not only taking place in the United States, but all over the globe. The United States has seen the most amount of illegal immigrants by far. A 2010 Census reported that there were more than 10 million immigrants living in the United States. Although many disagree, saying that that number is only an estimate, some†¦show more content†¦There are parents who use the government health care and welfare checks on their own needs instead of the child’s. California governor Pete Wilson commissioned a study in 1994 to find the cost of these services given to illegal immigrants. The study stated taxpayer’s pay on average $4 billion annually for unemployment, medical, educational, and several other government services. That study was done in 1994, so it may be much more considering inflation. With the debate of job security, there is the realization that is it even possible to stop illegal immigration? They come into the U.S via the Mexican border, Canadian border, and on cargo ships. There have been many ideas brought to light including building a wall along the Mexican border, to putting troops at the border to patrol it. â€Å"The power is there to do it†, said New York mayor Rudy Giuliani, â€Å"we just need to leadership to put it into effect.† Not only would this stop illegal immigration, but it would also increase the number of jobs available to blue-collar American workers. Recently many states and local cities have been trying to take illegal immigration into their own hands, including Hazleton, Pennsylvania, who released this statement: â€Å"With so many immigrants, an estimated 10,000, moving from New York City to this small rural town, the mayor Lou Barletta and local lawmakers took action and passed a law stating that any business employing illegal immigrants willShow MoreRelatedIllegal Immigrants : Illegal Immigration1627 Words   |  7 PagesIllegal Immigration in the US What does illegal immigration mean to a hard working, middle class worker providing for a family of four? What does illegal immigration mean to someone who is getting jobs taken right underneath them from illegal immigrants that are willing to work the same job for a lower paycheck? What does illegal immigration mean to someone who is in need for a job? Illegal immigration is an epidemic occurring in the United States of America, the land of the free (to the legal citizens)Read MoreIllegal Immigration : Illegal Immigrants955 Words   |  4 PagesIllegal Immigration Problems In the United States, there are roughly eleven million people who can be classified as illegal immigrants, which is by far way too many. When it comes to the history of illegal immigrants, most United States citizens could be considered as an illegal immigrant. In the early years of American history, our ancestors fled into this country for better life styles and to start their own families. During this time there were not laws dealing with who could and could not enterRead MoreIllegal Immigration : Illegal Immigrants949 Words   |  4 PagesIllegal immigrants have been a hot topic lately due to the popularity of this topic amongst the Republican Presidential Nominees, especially Donald Trump. These illegal immigrants bring various things to this country when they come. Some things are positive, such as a family simply seeking to find a better life, while some things are harmful to the United States, such as the amount of crime among illegal immigrants. In July 2015, the most recen t estimate of illegal immigrants was 11.2 million. ThisRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration1100 Words   |  5 PagesIllegal immigration Over the past few years illegal immigration has become a bigger problem. Statistics reveal that more and more immigrants are entering the country illegally by crossing the borders. If something is not done soon, this may get out of hand and be to gone far not to handle. The number of illegal immigrants have gone up over the past years drastically In 2011, there were 40 million immigrants in the U.S. Of that 11.1 million were illegal. Although the number of illegalRead MoreIllegal Immigrants : Illegal Immigration1155 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Illegal Immigration is a huge topic especially in 2017, bringing in different aspects about illegal immigrants. Illegal immigrants are told to be killers, drug dealers, job stealers and whom also hurt the U.S. economy. Is this true? Could it possibly be that they do all of this to hurt the United States? Or could it be that they truly come here for the American Dream? On one side of people’s perspectives illegal immigrants come here to help provide for their family and don’t takeRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration1902 Words   |  8 PagesSince the 1980s, the US government has undertaken initiatives to make its borders more non-porous to illegal immigration from its neighboring countries. The menace of illegal immigrants seeking better opportunities in the USA started reflecting in the 1970s. The migrating people are motivated by the better non-skilled or semi-skilled employment opportunities in the USA and the relatively higher remuneration for se rvices rendered in the USA than in the neighbor countries especially Mexico (HansonRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration1286 Words   |  6 Pages Undocumented Immigration An analysis of illegal immigration in the United States reveals one challenge facing the banks and other institutions: whether to provide banking and other services to the illegal immigrants or to treat them as criminals because they are illegal and therefore, not to provide them with banking and other services. The articles, â€Å"Crossing the Line† by Stein and â€Å"Illegal Immigrants – They’re Money,† by Rodriguez discuss the impact of illegal immigration in the United StatesRead MoreIllegal Immigration And Illegal Immigrants1335 Words   |  6 PagesIllegal immigration has been one of the main topics during the last three presidential election. Many bills and laws have been passed in order to keep them out but is it really necessary to neglect illegal immigrant? Most Americans believe that illegal immigrants are only people of Mexicans or Latin American descent but illegal immigrants can be from any race or country. Illegal immigration is defined by United States Department of Homeland Security as â€Å"†¦ all foreign-born non-citizens who are notRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration964 Words   |  4 Pages Attention Step (quotation, question, or story) About four months ago in government class, we had a class discussion. The topic was illegal immigration. One student said that America should send the illegal immigrants back to their country because they are taking American’s jobs. He stated that he would send his dad back to Mexico because he is an illegal immigrant. Going around the circle that we created, everyone gave their opinions, most disagreed, but some agreed with the student. When it wasRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration1044 Words   |  5 Pagesmany Americans take for granted. Many of the illegal immigrants come to America where they hope to obtain the freedom that is not given in their country. There is a serious problem with the immigration policy: it is very difficult for immigrants to become an actual U.S. citizen. If the policy were to be readjusted, and the length of time the immigrant has to live in the United States before they can become a citizen were to be shortened, illegal immigratio n could be slowed or even stopped. According

Financial Structuring at Euro Disney Free Essays

Financial structuring at euro Disney 1984-85 Disney negotiates with Spain and France to create a European theme park. Chooses France as the site. 1987Disney signs letter of intent with the French government. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Structuring at Euro Disney or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1988 Selects lead commercial bank lenders for the senior portion of the project. Forms the (SNC). Beings planning for the equity offering of 51% of Euro Disneyland as required in the letter of intent. 1989 European press and stock analysts visit Walt Disney World in Orlando. Being extensive news and television campaign. Stock stars trading at 20-25 percent premium from the issue price. The layout of Euro Disneyland Euro Disneyland is determinedly American in its theme. There was an alcohol ban in the park despite the attitude amoung the French that wine with a meal is God-given right. Designers presented a plan for a Main Street USA, based on scenes of America in the 1920S. Eisner decreed that images of gangsters and speakeasies were too negative. Thiug made more ornate and Victorian than Walt Disney’s idealized Midwestern small town. Main Street remained Main Street. Steamships leave from Main Street the Grand Canyou Diorama en riunte to Frontierland. It was replaced by a gleaming brass and wood complex called Discoverland, which was based on themes of Jules Verne and Leonardo da Vinci. Eisner ordered $8 or $10 million in extras ti the â€Å" Visionarium ’’, exhibit, a360-degree movie about French culture which was required by the French in their original contract. With the American Wild West being so frequently captured on film, Europeans have their own idea if what life was like back then. In Fantasyland, designers strived to avoid competing with the nearby European reality of actual medieval towns, cathedrals, and chateaux. The park is criss-crossed with covered walkways. Eisner personally ordered the installation of 35 fireplaces in hotels and restaurants. Children all over Europe were primed to consume. Even one of the intellectuals who contributed to Disney-bashing broadsheet was forced to admit with resignation that his 10year-old son † swears by Michael Jackson † At Euro Disneyland, under the name † Capital Eo,† Disney just so happened to have a Michael Jackson attracting him. Disney expected to serve 15000 to 17000 meals per hour, excluding snake. Menus and service system were developed so that they varied both in style and price. There is a 400 seat buffet, 6 table service restaurant, 12 counter service units, 10 snack bars, 1 Discovery food court seating 850, 9 popcorn wagons, 15 ice-cream carts, 14 specialty food carts, and 2 employee cafeterias. Food service will reflect the fable’s country of origin: Pinocchio’s facility having German food; Cinderella’s French; Bella Notte’s, Italian and so on. Many Europeans don’t care much for very spicy food, Tex-Mex recipes were toned down. A special coffee blend had to be developed which would have universal appeal. Hot dog cart would reflect the regionalism of American tastes. How to cite Financial Structuring at Euro Disney, Papers

Intimate Partner Violence

Question: Write about theIntimate Partner Violence. Answer: Introduction Intimate Partner Violence is a term that refers to violence that takes place within the framework of marriages or intimate relationships between a man and a woman or people of the same sex relationships. What really is Intimate Partner Violence? It refers to the act of violence committed to a persons mental, physical or emotional state. Violence can occur in any relationship and does not depend on the sexual orientation of the relationship. It is prevalent among both homosexuals and heterosexuals. Different people behave violently in relationships for different reasons.(CDC, n.d.)Feminist Approach to Criminology rose about the time when second wave of feminism hit around the year 1960s. Some of the Pioneers of Feminism Criminology are Frances Heidensohn, Dorie Klein, Carol Smart and Freda Adler. According to Feminist approach of Criminology, radical feminists believe that men who violate women do it for the sake of gaining power over women species. In order to understand why people b ehave violently, a brief analysis on the theoretical background of certain behaviours will be studied in the following sections. This will in turn help the readers to also find policy solutions to such behaviours or deal with root causes of such behavioural issues. Causes (Theories) Social scientists have long made observations on what causes intimate partner violences. Alcohol, poverty, aggression or patriarchy there can be end number of reasons. Such a study is even more challenging than a medical practitioner studying the cause of a disease. Such cases are reported less and everything depends on the few sources reported. In this paper the causes of physical violence caused as a part of intimate partner violence is discussed. Age, Social Demographic Features One of the primary reasons can be age or other social demographical features age or ethnicity. In certain cases age can be associated with violence. However, age of partners in a marriage or any intimate relationship so far has not shown to be the reason for such violences. In societies where intimate partner relationship is scare more of such violence is witnessed in marriage relationships. Other social demographical characteristics like living in crowded places and sharing same space as in-laws all can be speculated to be such causes. Belonging to different ethnic group, income and education all can be causes of such violent acts. Stress and Poverty It is believed that one of the contributors to violence in intimate partners is stress arising out of poverty. Hence socio economical status plays a role in this. Power, Sexual Identity and Poverty Arguments are made whether masculine identification can be a cause of intimate partner violence (Jewkes, 2017) . The idea of manhood not being satisfied due to poor social living condition and not being able to match the expected status generates ego and shame which in turn increases level of aggression in humans. Alcohol Heavy consumption of alcohol in both men and women is often associated with aggressive behaviour in many intimate partner relationships. Relationship of Different Theories with Intimate Partner Violence As per the general strain theory, men and women who are participants of intimate partner violence like murders goes through a variety of emotions and stress for long years (Li and Paul, 2013). The resultant violence is a result of those stressful emotional strenuous experiences they go through with their partners. As per the strain theory causes of such violence are strenuous feelings like losing of control on the relationship, suspecting infidelity of the other partner, jealousy, separation or extreme rage. Researchers also are of the opinion that the residential neighbourhood environment has a role to play in this regard. Distress in the household economy or social surrounding all are inter related to the various influencing factors which makes individuals impatient and stressful. It is true that partners in a relationship that are financially well performing makes their social surroundings organized and live well. However the inherent structure of the society or community one live s can boost or hinder occurrences of crime in people in intimate relationships. These factors can be socio economic status of the community, residential stability, heterogeneity of ethnic factors, and deterioration in home, family disruptions, population and overcrowding. The feminist theory in such violences states that there occur the factors of gender and opposite sex relationship inequalities. There is the main focus believed which gives people a social message sanctioning use of violence in men more than in women and showcase aggression in life. It is a pre defined set of gender role stated dictating how both the genders will b behaving in stress full conditions in an intimate relationship. It is the approach of the society which divides women to be non violent and men the opposite. Theory that Best Explains Intimate Partner Violence After a thorough analysis of the various theories that lead to crime, it would be safe to mention the theory that best describes Intimate Partner violence is Feminist Approach Theory. Feminist theory is a body of ideas that is used to understand aspects of relationships between men and women in various areas such as politics, sexuality and power relationships. The feminist theory believes that different exposure and socialization patterns of men and women in our society have led to domestic violence in many homes. According to this theory, society is conditioned to think that men and women are different and must be seen or treated differently, which has led to the condoning of male chauvinism, sexism and male privilege of varying degrees. It is due to such belief system that society condones violence against women and regards it as normal. As a result of the patriarchal nature of the society, it is considered okay to exact subservience from women. Violence against women has been used for many years to keep women confined to their homes and intimidation is used as a technique to not seek help in the respective matter. However, modern Feminism has been key in creating awareness about violence against women and has provided a framework to understand and address the issue of intimate partner violence in the society. (Criminal Justice Research, n.d.) Critical ExplanationBetween the Theory and the Offence The claims that feminist theorists have made have been further explained by other schools of thought, especially Radical Feminism which states that for several years women have been the subject of marital violence in homes and the perpetrator has most often been men. The theory seeks to prove that violence is used to control the sexual and social freedom women enjoy. When women tend to gain equality in the professional realm, it is believed that expecting the same within the confines of the home becomes a matter of concern to men who then try to violate women in various ways such as marital rape, physical and mental abuse. Domestic Violence is also used to destroy the effort of women to gain equality and equal social status with men in their homes as well as in the society they live in. The fact that majority of the researches prove that the victim in most intimate partner violence are women and the perpetrator is men shows that the assumption of feminist theory is somewhat in line w ith what it claims. This claim has been established by many other researchers who believed that most of the crimes in domestic arenas had been committed by men and not women. There may be very few cases where men have been on the receiving end, however feminist theory does not deny that there are women, though rare, who use violence in their homes against men, but the motive for violence in a man and a woman differs in great degrees. (Criminal Justice Research, n.d.) Compare with Two Other Theories and Explain the Superiority of Chosen Theory There are two other theories apart from the Feminist Approach Theory that may be possible causes for domestic violence however Feminist Approach Theory is the most likely theory one can take as a reference point to understand such acts of violence in relationships. General Strain theory believes that the strain that a person goes through in their lives may cause them to act violently in their relationships. These situations may be events where the person is not treated as they would like to be treated or situations where individuals are forced to behave in a non- conformist manner etc; Strain refers to the day-to-day strain, strain related to financial situations, materials gains or status are all reasons that may cause a person to feel stressed and they may find ways to handle these issues. The problem to this theory in using it to understand Intimate Partner Violence is that, this theory does not explain why people may behave violently in their relationship. Just because they are s trained in a particular area of their life does not mean they beat their spouse. There may be a very small percentage of people who may do that but not a majority. Now one can consider the premise of Self- Control theory, which states that some partners choose to behave in a certain way and only towards a certain people. For instance, they may not hit a police man or their bosses at office. These people may also choose to beat their spouse in a private place and not in front of anyone which shows that it is in their ability to control themselves from reacting in a violent manner depending on the place, however to believe that as a rule is not completely true because not all men think before they beat their spouses. Moreover, people who go through an abusive childhood are seldom in a position to control their frustration and anger that has been pent up over so many years. (HR Library, n.d.) Conclusion Responding to violence against women has gained much attention and there has been promising changes that have taken place in the social media premises regarding such issues. People have been more vocal about violence against them and have made attempts to punish such behavior. A number of actions on a national level have been taken in the UK with regard to victims of domestic violence. About 40 million pounds has been allocated to fund support services and national helpline services to help women The popular This is Abuse campaign in partnership with Hollyoaks and MTV. Domestic Violence Disclosure Scheme allows the police to disclose any past history of a persons violent behaviour to the public so that people can make an informed decision regarding entering into a relationship with them These are some of the approaches that the Government of UK has taken as a means of helping women as well as other victims of domestic violence. (Gov. UK, 2015). References R. (2001). Building on the Foundation of General Strain Theory: Specifying The Types Of Strain Most Likely To Lead To Crime And Delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. Sage Publications. Last Accessed 23rd May, 2017. (n.d.). Intimate Partner Violence. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/intimatepartnerviolence/. Last Accessed 23rd May, 2017. Criminal Justice Research. (n.d.) Feminist Theory and Domestic Violence. Available: https://criminal-justice.iresearchnet.com/crime/domestic-violence/feminist-theory/5/. Last Accessed 23rd May, 2017. M. (2015). Theories of Intimate Partner Abuse. Linked in. Available: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/theories-intimate-partner-abuse-michael-francis. Last Accessed 23rd May, 2017. UK. (2015). 210-2015Government Policy: Violence against Women and Girls. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2010-to-2015-government-policy-violence-against-women-and-girls/2010-to-2015-government-policy-violence-against-women-and-girls#bills-and-legislation. Last Accessed 23rd May, 2017. HR Library. (n.d.). Theories of Violence. Available: https://hrlibrary.umn.edu/svaw/domestic/link/theories.htm. Last Accessed 23rd May, 2017. Jewkes, R. (2016). Intimate partner violence: causes and prevention. Available: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.476.8911rep=rep1type=pdf. Last accessed 26th May 2017. Li, E and Paul, M. (2013). A general strain theory of intimate partner homicide. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 4 (3), p1-20. (n.d.). Intimate Partner Violence. Pan America Health Organization. Last Accessed 23rd May, 2017.

Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation Essays - Ahmedabad, Free Essays

Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation Essays - Ahmedabad, Free Essays Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation Press Note AHMEDABAD - SMART CITY Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) has started preparation of its Smart City Proposal for Stage 2 of the Smart City challenge. Ahmedabad had been selected as one of the 100 cities in Stage 1 of the challenge and will be competing to be in the list of top 20 cities selected in the first year of the challenge. Other cities from Gujarat to appear among the top 100 are Gandhinagar, Vadodara, Surat, Rajkot and Dahod. Cities judged to have the best proposals will receive funding under the smart city program in the first year of the challenge while the remaining cities will have the chance to compete again next year. AMC seeks active citizen consultation in the formulation of its smart city vision, mission and plan and would be inviting suggestions through social media, direct consultations and various forums shortly. Citizens are encouraged to participate in the process of achieving the vision of a smarter Ahmedabad by sharing their views and aspirations from a Smart City. In the initial stage, an online survey would be floated to gauge the major issues and citizen suggestions towards a Smart Ahmedabad. These would include opinions and comments on the current status of the city as well as suggestions on potential service improvements and citizen expectations. AMC is also considering competitions such as logo design and tagline contests for Ahmedabad Smart City with prizes to be given to the winning entries. Citizen inputs would be instrumental in creation of a smart city vision and plan for Ahmedabad. Further, multiple rounds of citizen engagement would be undertaken to focus on vision creation, co-creating solutions and finalization of city plans through various competitions, focus group discussions, discussions on citizen engagement platforms such as MyGov.in and direct consultations through public meetings, workshops, etc. Based on citizen inputs, AMC would devise area-based and pan-city initiatives to be incorporated in the smart city proposal. Specific solutions would be identified and citizen views would be sought in the second round of citizen engagement. Finally, citizen engagement would be held to gather feedback on the unique solutions identified towards making Ahmedabad a smart city. Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation has appointed Feedback Infra Private Limited, one of the leading integrated infrastructure services companies in India, to assist in the formulation of its Smart City Proposal. The firm is currently conducting a baseline survey of the city in consultation with various municipal departments. Winning the Smart City Challenge would provide a significant impetus to the next phase of city development and towards the goal of a Smart Ahmedabad. Citizen of the Ahmedabad are requested to provide their valuable suggession and feedback for the preparation of Smart city Proposal. The Suggession/Feedback forms are availabel on official website of Ahmedabad Municiapal Corporation (www.ahmedabadcity.gov.in) and social media pages. Municipal Commissioner

Free Essays on To Kill A Mocking Bird

To Kill a Mocking Bird takes place in the 1930’s, right in the middle of the depression. It is set in a small town in Alabama called Maycomb. Maycomb, like most small southern towns, has a problem with widespread racism toward Negroes. The play focuses on one family, the Finches. In the family there are three people, Scout, Jem and Atticus. Atticus is a lawyer and is defending a African American man in court (Tom Robinson), something that was not often done in the south due to racism. Many people feel threatened by this and feel very resentful toward Atticus. Throughout the play all the members of the Finches and many others display courage in their attempts to stand up for what they believe in. In the beginning of the play we meet Scout. Scout is an energetic little six year old. She still has her innocence and has not yet been able to understand why there is racial discrimination or hate. Scout gets mad when some of her classmates say things about her father, Atticus Finch. Many of her classmates call Atticus a nigger lover. Being only six Scout does not know how to handle her self so she gets into a lot of fights. On the day that Tom Robinson was moved to the Maycomb jail to await his trial, Atticus left the house to go and sit outside of the jail to watch over Tom to make sure that nothing happens to him. Scout, Jem and Dill followed him there to make sure that nothing happened to him. Suddenly several cars pulled up at the jail. A mob got out of the vehicles and demanded that Atticus step aside so that they could get at Tom. Frightened the children came running to Atticus' side and asked him if everything was okay. Atticus told them to go home, but they refused. Suddenly, Scout saw a man that she knew, Mr. Cunningham. She said hi to him, twice before he acknowledged her. She began asking him questions about his entailments and talking about Walter, his son. At first he said nothing, Scout was afraid that she had done somethin... Free Essays on To Kill A Mocking Bird Free Essays on To Kill A Mocking Bird Harper Lee wrote an extraordinary novel, describing life and the way we are as people in society. Her book set an example for all people to learn off of. Lee’s novel that was fist published in 1960, was a huge success. The book was such a revolution it was later made into a movie. The book was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, and the movie was accredited with an Academy Award for Gregory Peck as Best Male actor. The novel and the book were equally credited in awards and prizes. I think the book was the better of the two since it had greater detail and more influential characters. The novel ran a long and detailed version of the town, and the town’s people. The book gives an in depth looks at the town’s people’s views, and their ways. All the characters play an intricate part of a giant puzzle. This mosaic of people leads the town to be the way they are. In the movie, many of the characters are left out and if they do appear they have very small roles that are not as impacting as in the novel. The movie leaves out some other very important scenes. One of such is the scene where Scout and Dill leave the courthouse and begin talking to Dolphus Raymond. Scout learns that Mr. Raymond is not what the community makes him out to be He appears to be an alcoholic. He only fakes a drinking problem to elude the community into believing that is the reason for his ways. He now socializes with the black community. He does this to escape the whispers and rumors of the town’s people. In the town he was known for his wedding disaster. His fiancà ©e had committed suicide on their wedding day. He has not come to terms with this yet and cannot handle the stares of the People of Maycomb. Scout learns that people can over dramatize things. Another scene change from the movie to the novel occurs in the novels scene were Bob Ewell spits on Atticus. In the novel Atticus is leaving the post office when Bob approaches him and spits ... Free Essays on To Kill A Mocking Bird Characters Jean Louise ‘Scout’ Finch She narrates the story describing her life between the ages of six and nine. She is a tomboy and well educated, mainly due to her father, and she has an optimistic view of the world and people around her. She lives with her widowed father, older brother and their black cook. Atticus Finch Scout’s father is a lawyer in Maycomb and is descended from a well-respected local family. He has had to raise his children alone and has instilled in them a strong sense of morality and fair play. During the 1930’s there were great problems between the races, and he was one of the few committed to attaining equality for both blacks and whites. He agrees to defend a local black man charged with rape which exposing himself and his family to anger from the white community. Jeremy Atticus ‘Jem’ Finch Scout’s brother is four years her senior, but is her constant playmate at the beginning of the story. Towards the end of the tale he moves into adolescence and is shaken badly by the evil and injustice, which he witnesses during the trial of Tom Robinson. Tom Robinson A black sharecropper who is accused of rape of a white woman, a member of the Ewell clan. Calpurnia The old family cook of the Finch family, she is a stern disciplinarian and provides a link between the white world of the children and her own black community. Arthur ‘Boo’ Radley A recluse who has never set foot outside his house for fifteen years who becomes a source of intrigue for the children, adding fuel to their fertile imaginations. He only appears once during the novel, but this is a crucial episode in the book. Charles Baker ‘Dill’ Harris He is the Finch children’s summer neighbor living with his aunt Miss Rachel Haverford. He is a diminutive boy oozing with confidence and an active imagination. He leads the other two in their games of make-believe and is preoccupied with finding out more about Boo Radley. Mi... Free Essays on To Kill A Mocking Bird To Kill a Mocking Bird takes place in the 1930’s, right in the middle of the depression. It is set in a small town in Alabama called Maycomb. Maycomb, like most small southern towns, has a problem with widespread racism toward Negroes. The play focuses on one family, the Finches. In the family there are three people, Scout, Jem and Atticus. Atticus is a lawyer and is defending a African American man in court (Tom Robinson), something that was not often done in the south due to racism. Many people feel threatened by this and feel very resentful toward Atticus. Throughout the play all the members of the Finches and many others display courage in their attempts to stand up for what they believe in. In the beginning of the play we meet Scout. Scout is an energetic little six year old. She still has her innocence and has not yet been able to understand why there is racial discrimination or hate. Scout gets mad when some of her classmates say things about her father, Atticus Finch. Many of her classmates call Atticus a nigger lover. Being only six Scout does not know how to handle her self so she gets into a lot of fights. On the day that Tom Robinson was moved to the Maycomb jail to await his trial, Atticus left the house to go and sit outside of the jail to watch over Tom to make sure that nothing happens to him. Scout, Jem and Dill followed him there to make sure that nothing happened to him. Suddenly several cars pulled up at the jail. A mob got out of the vehicles and demanded that Atticus step aside so that they could get at Tom. Frightened the children came running to Atticus' side and asked him if everything was okay. Atticus told them to go home, but they refused. Suddenly, Scout saw a man that she knew, Mr. Cunningham. She said hi to him, twice before he acknowledged her. She began asking him questions about his entailments and talking about Walter, his son. At first he said nothing, Scout was afraid that she had done somethin...

SUPERIOR STRATEGY EXECUTION Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SUPERIOR STRATEGY EXECUTION - Assignment Example The recruitment will assure that you get the right talent for the job and experience. During the broadcast of the program ask people to apply for the job. Most applicants will be fans of the program who know of its history and feel they need to be more involved in the program. This will ensure that one gets the correct talent that he is looking to add to the team. The best way is to look for potential employees on electronic blog site. Then post the opening at the site. The members of the blog will get automatic emails informing them of the available vacancy. The applicants will be qualified and have a good knowledge of the electronics being sold. The best ways to recruit a Dj is to wlcome djs for auditions in the club. The announcement of the audition should be broadcasted in all radio stations and posted on the clubs face book page. This reduces costs of a recruitment agency and gives the chance to get the best dj by judging the clubs audience to the Dj songs. Since the club business is competitive this recruitment will give produce the best Dj for the customers. The job requires someone who understands the stars well and the best way is to post the vacancy at the stars social media pages. The applicants will be those who are familiar with the stars and have the stars interest at heart. The way they dress to the interview will also determine who is the best for the job. The best way is to post the Ad in a platform that hosts IT specialist guys without displaying that the employer. Many people at the forum will apply for the position and through the interview process the most qualified candidate will be chosen. The best way is to use referral from employees to advertise for the position. This will save costs. A reward of cash is awarded for each referral given. This will encourage the employees to give more referrals. The best way is to post the advert on movie discussion forum. This will reach only

Diversity in Organizations Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Diversity in Organizations - Term Paper Example Corporate trainers design programs which can certainly help organizations to implement diversified culture in the organization. However if diversity is not going to be managed properly then it can affect the overall productivity of the organization. Human Resource Management department has an important role to play for management of diversified culture in the organization. HR managers should create awareness among employees of the organization. They should focus on an idea that one single employee can not do much for the betterment of the organization. Employees can only bring change in the organization through their collective effort. They can not do anything positive individually. Employees are the main force of the organization that has to carry out day to day work in order to bring productivity, efficiency and effectiveness. Employees often enter into the organization with diverse background. Therefore sometimes it becomes difficult for managers to manage them effectively. Manage rs of the organization should realize it as strength. Employees need to understand certain dynamics of this diversity since it can help them to achieve strategic goals of the organization. Top management should also reflect acceptability for diversity through their actions and behaviors. Relevant behaviors of the employee should be reinforced so that they could also realize that which particular type of behaviors is acceptable within the organization. Diversity can also become one of the distinguishing characteristic of the organization if it can be managed properly (Bell, 2006). One thing should be very clear when it comes to the implementation of diversity programs in the organization; the thing is that organization should know what diversity actually means in the context of their corporate culture. The differences of culture and the different ways of doing things should be respected by the management of the organization if it wants to implement such program. There are many differ ences which employees can bring to the organization. These include color, sex, race, religion, diverse educational background etc. However one thing will be common in these highly diversified employees that are to achieve organizational objectives efficiently and effectively. Clarity about specific benefits associated with diversity programs should be communicated to the employees so that they may know that what type of benefits they are going to be offered if they help organizations toward the implementation of such programs. New employees should get proper orientation so that they can also embrace diversity of the organization. New employees can easily accept such programs since they have not seen the past programs of the organization (Anca & Vega, 2007). Managers can mold these employees in a way which is required by the organization. There are many organizations which are accepting diversity in order to make their presence global. Experts are also of the opinion that organizatio n having diverse workforce can approach different problems in a unique way. They have knowledge base which is quite diverse in its approach and thinking. Therefore they are also in a better position to solve contemporary issues in a unique way. Managers should also arrange training and development sessions so that employees can understand diversity programs in a more formal way. Employers can further enhance the utility of diversity programs by linking some part of their compensation to their diversity

Endowment Effect, Behavioural, and Standard Economics Theories Essay

Endowment Effect, Behavioural, and Standard Economics Theories - Essay Example Regardless of the participants’ immense experience in the real world market, he found out that the willingness to accept the mugs was nearly three times higher than the willingness to pay. This is an indication that even experienced negotiators are also susceptible to the endowment effect (Angeletos, Repetto, Tobacman, and Weinberg, 2001; p. 57). The result of these two experiments is similar indicating that the human brain makes a decision almost in a similar way and on the other hand, it is apparent to note that persons under the same environmental conditions often operate under the same constraints (List, 2004; p. 617). It should also be noted that the same constraints affect even those who have experience in certain fields. The endowment effect can be analysed using neoclassical or standard economics that is strongly built on the assumptions that ever turned to well established facts (Babcock et al. 1994; pg. 928). The most vital and preferred assumption is that all econom ic agents that include consumers, suppliers, and companies among others are fully rational and their visible hand works create market efficiency (Knetsch and Wong, 2009; p. 410). Rational economists often consider these assumptions a basic, logical, and self-evident; hence, they do not require any empirical scrutiny (Babcock and Loewenstein, 1997; p. 110). Materialism has also been identified as one of the forces behind endowment effect. Some people believe that the material they own is a central occupation that provides them with success and happiness. Using materialism to determine the existence of endowment effect, 317 first year students at Katholieke University Leuven, Belgium were subjected to a study. The survey provided a...This paper discusses the endowment effect, which can be analysed using neoclassical or standard economics that is strongly built on the assumptions that ever turned to established facts Materialism has also been identified as one of forces behind endowmen t effect. Analysing endowment effect through experimental evidence often leads to the behavioural economics that targets the analysis of new variables that are often ignored by the standard economics Endowment effect largely depends on behavioural decision making that analyses how people often make certain decisions. Behavioural decision-making is a vital field that is used by different other fields including psychology, political science, management, and economics among other Endowment effect is an essential element in economics since it causes conflict between the actual behaviour and macroeconomic theory that says that value of an object should be independent of the ownership The core behavioural economics depict realism of the psychological economic analysis that aims at improving the economics on its own terms including generating better phenomena predictions, generating theoretical insights, and suggesting better policies At the same time behavioural economics does not disregard neoclassical approach to the understanding and analysis of economics and neither does it reject utility maximization, efficiency, and equilibrium The understanding of standard economics is purely pegged on the understanding of behavioural economics without concentrating on the psychology of such concepts. In regards to human behaviour, standard economics model assumes that the actions of people are fully pegged on their full information on the action in question

Summary On Turkey Import Export Economics Essay

Summary On Turkey Import Export Economics Essay Turkey is officially known as the Republic of Turkey is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia mostly in the Anatolian peninsula and in East Thrace in South-eastern Europe. Turkeys location at the crossroads of Europe and Asia makes it a country of significant geostrategic importance. In addition to its strategic location, Turkeys growing economy and diplomatic initiatives have led to its recognition as a regional power in the Middle East. According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) , Turkey is expected to be the fastest growing economy among OECD members between 2011 and 2017, with an annual average growth rate of 6.7 percent. Although immigration from rural to urban areas since 1990 has been high, 24.5% of the population still lives in rural areas. The major cities and their populations are: Istanbul, the trade and finance centre, 12.9 million; Ankara, the capital, 4.7 million; Izmir a major player in the dairy, greenhouse and tourism sector, 3.9 million; Bursa, the centre of automotive manufacturing and food processing, 2.6 million; Adana, the centre of agricultural production,2.1 million; Konya, the canter of grain production, 2.0 million; and Antalya, the centre of vegetable production and tourism sector, 1.9 million. The population of Turkey is expected to reach 75.8 in 2013 and 77.6 million in 2015. Seventy-two percent of the population is under the age of 35 and 26% is under t he age of 15. Parameter Value in Year 2010 : Population 74 million, Labour Force (Population) 25.9 million Median Age 29.2, GDP USD 736 billion, GDP Per Capita USD 10,079, Exports Value USD 120.9 billion, Imports Value USD 185 billion, Tourism Revenue USD 20.8 billion, Tourist Number 28.5 million people, Foreign Direct Investment USD 9.1 billion, Number of Companies with Foreign Capital 25,500, Inflation Rate 6.4%. Turkeys largely free-market economy is increasingly driven by its industry and service sectors, although its traditional agriculture sector still accounts for about 25% of employment. An aggressive privatization program has reduced state involvement in basic industry, banking, transport, and communication, and an emerging cadre of middle-class entrepreneurs is adding dynamism to the economy and expanding production beyond the traditional textiles and clothing sectors. The automotive, construction, and electronics industries, are rising in importance and have surpassed textiles within Turkeys export mix. Oil began to flow through the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline, marking a major milestone that will bring up to 1 million barrels per day from the Caspian to market. Several gas pipelines projects also are moving forward to help transport Central Asian gas to Europe through Turkey, which over the long term will help address Turkeys dependence on imported oil and gas to meet 97% of its ene rgy needs. After Turkey experienced a severe financial crisis, Ankara adopted financial and fiscal reforms as part of an IMF program. Turkeys public sector debt to GDP ratio has fallen to roughly 40%. Continued strong growth has pushed inflation to the 8% level, however, and worsened an already high current account deficit. Turkey remains dependent on often volatile, short-term investment to finance its large trade deficit. The stock value of FDI stood at $99 billion at year-end 2011. Inflows have slowed considerably in light of continuing economic turmoil in Europe, the source of much of Turkeys FDI. Further economic and judicial reforms and prospective EU membership are expected to boost Turkeys attractiveness to foreign investors. However, Turkeys relatively high current account deficit, uncertainty related to monetary policy-making, and political turmoil within Turkeys neighbourhood leave the economy vulnerable to destabilizing shifts in investor confidence. IMPORT REGULATION Overall, Turkey has a relatively free market for trade in goods and services as a result of liberalization measures introduced over the past two decades. Turkey follows basic WTO rules to regulate imports and tariff structures and has adopted the European Union (EU)s common customs tariff for imports from third countries. Turkey signed a customs union with the EU in 1996, eliminating all duties and charges on goods imported from EU member countries, excluding services, public procurement and unprocessed agricultural products. Turkey has signed free trade agreements with various countries and extends preferential treatment for least developed countries and some developing countries. TARIFFS AND CLASSIFCATION OF GOODS Turkeys tariff schedule is based on both the Harmonized Coding System (HS) and the Combined Nomenclature (CN) of the European Union within the framework of the Customs Union. Import duties are calculated on cost, insurance and freight (CIF) prices and are levied as a percentage on the landed value of the good. The importer is responsible for payment of the Turkish value-added tax (VAT), which is set at 18% for the majority of imports or 26% for luxury goods. Goods on which duty was paid on entry to an EU country can be admitted duty-free to Turkey and vice versa (with exceptions for agricultural goods and some industrial products). Clearance time is usually one to three days, depending on the type of freight. In the event of a classification dispute, the higher duty can be paid with the intent to seek reimbursement at a later date STANDARD The Turkish Standards Institute (TSE) is responsible for setting standards in Turkey. TSE approval is required to import any product covered under these standards. Many categories of products are subject to restrictions and special requirements such as narcotics (prohibited) and weapons (subject to strict license control). Items such as live animals, medicines and pharmaceuticals, food and plant products, organic chemicals, telecommunications equipment, ozone-depleting substances, explosives, banknotes and commercial paper, radioactive materials and temporary import of goods for exhibition may require additional permissions and certificates from government agencies. FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN TURKEY Foreign direct investment plays an important role in the Turkish economy. The Government has introduced reforms to improve the investment environment in Turkey, such as simplified procedures, new legislation and tax incentives to attract foreign investors. Under Turkeys programme to privatize state enterprises, foreign investors benefit from the same rights and incentives as local investors. FREE TRADE ZONES IN TURKEY Turkey has numerous free trade zones, considered to be outside the jurisdiction of Turkish customs authorities. Goods can be imported duty-free, assembled, manufactured, stored, repackaged and re-exported without paying tariffs. Unlike many free zones around the world, Turkish free zones allow sales into the Turkish market, subject to a fee. EXPORT REGULATION TRANSIT 1 Increased concern on the transit of dual-use items within Turkey as well as within the international community. Relevant Turkish legislation 1 The related provisions of the under secretariat of Foreign Trade Communiquà © 2003/12 on the Control of Exports of Dual-Use and Sensitive Items. The related provisions of the Customs Law no. 4458 dated 5 February 2000 which conforms with EU Customs Code (Council Regulation 2913/92). TRANSIT 2 Relevant Turkish legislation 2 Anti Smuggling Law no. 5607. Within this legislative framework, transits of items that are subject to export controls are treated on a case-by-case basis within the scope of interagency cooperation. ENFORCEMENT -1 Located in a sensitive geography where transit-trade and transit-shipment is common, customs enforcement and ground interdiction in general is of prime importance to Turkey. Customs authorities use an extensive database for enforcement purposes. New security systems have also been developed and established to prevent illegal trafficking of goods. ENFORCEMENT- 2 Intelligence and Land Border Gates Vehicle Pursuit Program has been developed. System currently operates at strategically important land border gates and seaports. All alerts and intelligence information about suspected vehicles, goods, firms, brokers and other actors are introduced into this program and forwarded to all regional units. ENFORCEMENT- 3 Fixed and mobile vehicle and container scanning systems Fixed, mobile and handheld radiation detection units Transit Vehicle Traction System / Monitoring of movements at the Control Centre in Ankara. System alerts enforcement officers when The vehicle leaves its specified route within Turkey, or The vehicle remains outside the path already specified, The mobile tracking unit is removed. EXPORT CONTROLS: COOPERATION ON THE GROUND We receive intelligence (either through own Intel channels or through international cooperation. Immediate action by MFA: call on board interagency task force. Depending on the intelligence: relevant export control authority + intelligence insight sought + if necessary military advice (including naval/air). Ability to confirm proper licensing/customs info. Intelligence needs to be on time and accurate. A CHALLENGE IN EXPORT CONTROLS-FREE ZONES-1 Constitutes a loophole within control systems. Can be exploited by proliferators. The transfer of sensitive items to other destinations is difficult to trace. The burden of the exporter country is increased In Turkey: transfer of dual-use items into free zones in Turkey are subject to licensing according to the export legislation. A CHALLENGE IN EXPORT CONTROLS-FREE ZONES-2 The items transferred into the free zones cannot be transferred out of the free zone without the permission of the under secretariat of Foreign Trade (UFT). Import Certificate and End-user Certificate is required for the transfer. If and when necessary, UFT consults other relevant institutions before granting permission. The UFT has the authority to deny or postpone the transfer. RECENTLY CHANGED REGULATIONS In December 2011 several amendments were made in the regulations which include : Official import controls of plant origin food and feed , Measurements to monitor certain substances and their residue on live animals and animal products, Food Hygiene , Food premises registration and approval , Food and Feed official control ,Pre-notification and veterinary checks of animal and animal products entering to the country, Specific rules for animal products official inspections, Veterinary checks on products entering to the country, Veterinary checks on live animals entering to the country, Domestic animal and animal products movements, Animal Hospital regulation , Veterinary checks on animal and animal products entering to the country, Animal welfare regulations, Protection and combating measurements against cattle leucosis, Protection and combating measurements against cattle anthrax, Surveillance of zoonose and zoonotic agents, related antimicrobial resistance and food borne outbreak, Cri teria of livestock markets registration and inspections, Animal welfare during animal transportation, Animal by products that are not intended to use for human consumption, Sperm, Ovum and Embryo production centre establishment, Special hygiene regulation for animal products, Feed hygiene, placing on the market and use of feed, methods of sampling and analysis for the official control of feed, Turkish food codex, Maximum residue limits of pesticides, Flavorings and certain food ingredients with flavoring properties, Food additives, Microbiological criteria for foodstuff, labelling, Contamination, Materials and articles intended to come into contact with food, Import inspection regulating, In December 2012 amendments were made in the regulations which include : Bread and varieties of Bread, methods of sampling for chemical analysis for the monitoring of preserved milk, composition and labelling of foodstuffs suitable for people intolerant to gluten, sampling, testing method for dioxin and similar products, methods of sampling for chemical analysis of edible caseins and caseinates, indications or marks identifying the lot to which a foodstuff belongs TURKEY IMPORTS-EXPORTS EXPORT $133 billion (2011) $120.9 billion (2010) EXPORTS-COMMODITIES Apparel, Foodstuffs, Textiles, Metal Manufactures, Transport Equipment EXPORTS-PARTNERS Germany 10.1%, UK 6.4%, Italy 5.7%, France 5.3%, Iraq 5.3%, Russia 4.1% (2010) TURKEY EXPORTS BY PRODUCT in 2010 (In US DOLLORS ($)) Food and Live Animals 6,512,339,000 Beverages and Tobacco 736,445,000 Crude materials ,Inedible, Except fuels 1,334,833,000 Mineral Fuels ,Lubricants and Related Material 2,641,023,000 Animal and Vegetable Oils, Fats and Waxes 405,300,000 Chemicals and Related Products 2,801,266,000 Manufactured Goods classified chiefly by Material 20,408,933,000 Machinery and Transport Equipment 21,005,357,000 Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles 15,947,496,000 Commodities and Transact-ions not classified elsewhere in the SITC 1,106,838,000 ELECTRICITY EXPORTS (million kWh) IN 2012 -1550 OIL EXPORTS 68,450 bbl/day (2011) NATURAL GAS-EXPORTS 649 million cu m (2011) IMPORTS $212.2 billion (2011) $185 billion (2010) IMPORTS-COMMODITIES Machinery, Chemicals, Semi-Finished Goods, Fuels, Transport Equipment IMPORTS-PARTNERS Russia 11.6%, Germany 9.5%, China 9.3%, US 6.6%, Italy 5.5%, France 4.4%, Iran 4.1% (2010) TURKEY IMPORTS BY PRODUCT SECTION YEAR 2010 (In US DOLLORS ($)) Food and Live Animals -1,615,878,000 Beverages and Tobacco -298,876,000 Crude materials, inedible ,except fuels 7,660,516,000 Mineral Fuels, Lubricants and Related Materials 15,764,234,000 Animal and Vegetable Oils, Fats and Waxes 744,731,000 Chemicals and Related Products 16,166,494,000 Manufactured Goods classified chiefly by Material 19,989,660,000 Machinery and Transport Equipment 37,808,892,000 Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles 6,615,182,000 Commodities and Transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC 10,109,685,000 OIL IMPORTS 581,000 bbl/day (2011) NATURAL GAS-IMPORTS 38.04 billion cu m (2011) GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) This entry gives the gross domestic product (GDP) or value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year. A nations GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates is the sum value of all goods and services produced in the country valued at prices prevailing in the United States. GDP (PURCHASING POWER PARITY) $1.026 trillion (2011) $981.2 billion (2010) $906.9 billion (2009) Note: data are in 2011 US dollars Source: International Monetary Fund 2011 World Economic Outlook GDP REAL GROWTH RATE 4.6% (2011) 8.2% (2010) 4.7% (2009) Variable: Gross domestic product, constant prices Units: Percent change Country-specific Note: See notes for: Gross domestic product, constant prices (National currency). Source: International Monetary Fund 2011 World Economic Outlook Year Gross domestic product, constant prices 2008 0.659 2009 -4.826 2010 8.945 GDP PER CAPITA (PPP) $14,600 (2011) $13,800 (2010) $12,900 (2009) Note: data are in 2011 US dollars Year Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) per capita GDP Percent Change 2008 13107.54 1.68 2009 12460.79 -4.93 2010 13577.11 8.96 GDP COMPOSITION BY SECTOR Agriculture: 9.3% Industry: 28.1% Services: 62.6% (2011) AGRICULTURE SECTOR Agriculture has always been one of the most promising sectors for Turkey, both for the domestic economy and in terms of international trade. Around 40 percent of Turkeys land area is arable and offers a large range of products such as grains, pulses, oil seeds, fruits and vegetables, cut flowers, poultry, dairy products, seafood, honey and tobacco. Grain production, livestock and fisheries/forestry account for 67 percent, 26 percent and 7 percent of the total agricultural production, respectively. Turkeys agricultural imports in 2010 and 2011, excluding processed food, reached USD 6.49 billion (3.49 percent of the total imports) and USD 8.94 (3.7 percent of the total imports), respectively. Export were USD 5.09 billion (4 percent of total exports) in 2010 and USD 5.35 (3.9 percent of total exports) in 2011. The top Turkish exports are dried figs, dried apricots, sultana raisins, hazelnuts and hazelnut products. Turkeys top imports are cotton, soybeans, hides and skins, feed ingredients, live animals and paddy rice. FOOD PURCHASING BEHAVIOUR The Turkish food sector is becoming more advanced due to retailer demands for higher standards and investments by food manufactures. Through the widespread presence of modern international and domestic grocery retail outlets such as Metro, Carrefour, Tesco and Migros as well as rising incomes, the consumption patterns of Turkish consumers have shifted away from bulk and raw foods towards packaged and processed foods, including ready-to-eat meals and frozen foods. An increase in the number of females working full-time and higher levels of disposable income has supported this trend. This is particularly the case in urban centres. The major food consumption patterns have not changed as much in the rural areas and are still based on wheat and grain products and a variety of meat products. Consumers in the south east of Turkey mainly consume lamb, but in Central Anatolia and the West more consumers prefer beef. Milk consumption has not increased as quickly as milk production, which increa sed from 8 million MT in 2002 to 12.5 million MT in 2011, but the variety of milk products such as yogurt and cheese increased. There are still a lot of opportunities for investments in the dairy products sector but products should be adjusted to local tastes. Turkey should be considered a door to Middle Eastern market. Due to shared history and religion as well as common cultures, Turkish agriculture and food export to the Middle East increased dramatically in the past decade. The Halal and organic food subsectors are areas which could be ready for investments or partnerships in the region. Production in the food and beverage sector reached TRY 8,852 million in 2009, which constitutes 18-20 percent of the countrys production as a whole. The proportion of Turkish household expenditure allocated to food and beverages, which was around 23 percent and declined to about 21.9 percent in 2009, remains high compared with Western standards, which range between 15-20 percent. But Alcoholic beverages and tobacco expenditures increased from 4.1 percent to 4.5 percent in 2009-10. Total consumer spending on food, beverages and tobacco was estimated at around USD 145 billion in 2010. The Turkish economy grew 15.7 fold between 1980 and 2010 from TRY 70 billion to 1,105 billion whereas the food sector grew 14.8 fold from TRY 15 billion to 222 billion in the same period. Accordingly, the share of the food sector in Turkeys GDP dropped to 20.1% in 2010 from 21.4% in 1998. The Turkish diet contains a large share of baked goods. Hence, the bakery subsector forms the majority (65 percent) of the total number of food and beverage companies in Turkey. In 2011 Turkey consumed 11,486,000 MT of bread and only 33,600 MT of packaged bread. Turkish consumers tend to buy bread from small bakeries when it is hot and generally dont buy packaged sliced bread. Another important bakery product is the Simit (type of bagel) as well as salty cookie-like products. Modern bakery shops have begun to open, especially in Istanbul, but that is not widespread throughout Turkey. Moreover, due to the low quality of flour available in Turkey, pita style bread is popular in East and South East Anatolia. Therefore, the bakery sector in general offers a lot of opportunities for growth and development. FINDING BUSINESS PARTNERS IN TURKEY There are 467 foreign companies actively operating in the Turkish food sector. Cargill, Bunge, Nestle, Unilever, Coca-Cola, and Pepsi-Co are some of the most prominent ones. Restaurant franchises are one way of introducing new products. An increasing number of restaurant chains are opening in Turkey, especially in Istanbul. These include casual dining, fast food and cafes. While most of these companies source food ingredients produced in Turkey, some require specialized ingredients or imports of certain items that are not readily available. Exporters should check with importers to see if they are approved suppliers for franchises. Additionally, Turkeys hotel sector has traditionally represented an important niche market for certain high-value food products that cannot be readily found throughout Turkey. Turkey attracts 30 million tourists every year, especially in Istanbul and Antalya. There are 336 five star and 543 four star hotels in Turkey and most of them are located in Antalya and Istanbul. Global hotel chains including the Marriot, Hilton and Sheraton have a strong presence in Turkey. Turkey is a major tourism destination for Germans, Russians, British and Scandinavian travellers. Five star hotels would like to offer more high-quality products to their customers. Fresh fruits and vegetables are readily available in Turkey but high quality meat (especially steak) and fishery products (especially shrimp and crab) can be extremely difficult to source. Trader associations are also very important contacts for those seeking to enter the market. The Feed Millers Association, Turkish Food and Drink Industry Association Federation, and Poultry Meat Producers and Breeders Association are examples of important traders organizations. (See Annex A for more details). A visit to Turkey to gain a first-hand information about the Turkish market, preferably coinciding with a major trade show such as FOODÄ °ST (See Annex C for more details), is a good way to get started before entering the Turkish market and meeting prospective importers. Similarly, international food shows such as ANUGA, SIAL and Gulfood area attracting more and more Turkish importers, and may also be a way to meet prospective customers. TRADE POLICY The major barrier to selling agricultural products to Turkey is high tariff rates. The tariff for beef cuts is bound at 225%, for milk is 150%, for white cheese is 80%, and for wheat and corn is normally 130% (depending on demand, the government can temporarily lower tariffs).Turkey and the United States signed an import protocol allowing imports of live dairy breeding cattle and for fattening cattle. However, neither a protocol for slaughter cattle, nor for cut beef has been negotiated. Another major barrier is a new Bio safety Law which has been enforced in Turkey since September 26, 2010. The law banned importation of any GMO products until the genes contained within go through a lengthy approval process. On January 26, 2011, Turkeys Bio safety Board approved the three biotech traits for soybeans (A2704-12, MON89788,MON40-3-2) for feed use that were approved in the European Union at the time, allowing U.S. soybeans to enter Turkey for feed use only. Then on December 24, 2011, The Bio safety Board approved 13 corn (see annex D for more information) events for feed use. The remaining 9 events have been reviewed, but due to a negative recommendation by the committees, approval will be difficult. New import regulations were published in the Official Gazette dated December 30, 2011. Changes in these regulations reflected that fact that the Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock (previously known as the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) was reorganized in 2011 and divided oversight of plant and animal products. According to the new import regime, plant and plant products no longer require control certificate (Find more details in Annex F) however the importer must pre-notify imports of material according to the information provided below. Some animal and animal products now require control certificates. A list of products which require control certificates is given in Annex E Most Turkish agriculture-related regulations, laws, communiquà ©s, directives, and notifications are available on the website of the General Directorate of Food Control (GDFC) of the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock (MINFAL): www.gkgm.gov.tr. Some of the regulations have an English translation available on the same website. The legal infrastructure of agriculture is mainly based on communiquà ©s rather than on laws. The reason for this is that the Turkish constitutional system does not allow laws to be adopted, amended or abolished easily. Therefore governments have traditionally preferred to publish communiquà ©s or regulations in order to maintain flexibility. As you will see from table below, currently the main policy goal of Turkish food and agriculture officials is to harmonize the related laws and regulations with the EU Acquis Communitarians. Sometimes it appears that this concern overwhelms other concerns such as national interest and farmer interests. IMPORT DUTIES High tariffs on the majority of food items continue to hinder the growth of food imports from the United States (see Annex G for tariff rates of important products). Import tariffs on consumer food products range from zero to 225 percent, but most products face tariffs in the range of 40-50 percent. Turkey has considerable flexibility in raising or lowering tariffs. Consequently, tariffs are subject to review and change, especially on December 30. Tariffs can vary and often depend on whether there is a need to import or not. Turkey normally applies the highest/bound rates for some products such as meat cuts at 225%. Some products, however, like cereals, have high tariff rates at 130% although still below the bound rate of 180%. Due to high meat prices last year, allowed imports of carcass meat (but not cuts) and lowered the customs tax from 225% to 30% at first, then slowly raised the tariff back to 75% when meat prices dropped slowly. Where there is strong demand but a lack of domestic supply, the applied tariff can be very low such 8% for soybeans, and DDGS at 4.3%. Turkish corn producers and soy millers are calling on the government to raise the bound rate on DDGS but, since it is bound, they use non-tariff barriers such as standards that are difficult to meet. Two important government agencies receive special tariff quotas when acting as importer get special tariff quotas. The Turkish Grain Board (TMO) (www.tmo.gov.tr) usually procures grain from the domestic market but when there is a need to import the government allocates a special zero tariff rate import quota for TMO. The other institute is The Meat and Fish Institute (www.ebk.gov.tr), which acts to control domestic meat prices and also receives reduced tariff meat import quotas from the government when there is a need. CUSTOMS INSPECTION AND DOCUMENTATION Upon entry of the product at Customs, the importer should be prepared to present the approved control certificate if required as well as other normal import documentation such as the bill of lading, original invoice and certificate of origin. In addition, the importer should be prepared to present Customs with the exporting companys analysis report for physical, chemical, microbiological and heavy metal content, and a certificate from the official food inspection agency of the country of origin stating that the product meets the quarantine requirements of the importing country. Turkish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Livestock (MINFAL) officials take samples of the imported product to government laboratories for physical, chemical and microbiological analysis and confirm it matches the information supplied from the exporting country. Import of the foodstuff is allowed if the results of the analysis are found to be acceptable and consistent with Turkish regulations, and the imports have been approved by MINFAL. Results of the analysis are normally received within a few working days. If the inspection results do not match with Turkish requirements, the importer may request secondary sample tests. In the case that the secondary test results are also against the Turkish import requirements then the shipment is rejected by MINFAL authorities or they allow special treatments under specific circumstances.

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

As I look back upon the past four years, in some ways it seems like my time at Kiper has been a lot like a day at the Magic Kingdom. From the moment I heard about Disneyland, I knew that I wanted to go. I counted the days until I got there, much the way that I counted the days until I left Harbour Pointe to migrate over to Kiper. Time passed so slowly because I was anticipating the great times ahead. At the end of middle school, my classmates and I thought we were so cool because we got to make that trip to someplace fun and exciting. On the first day of high school, we got up early like eager kids ready for a day of play. At Disneyland, people line up early to get their tickets and begin their enchanted day. As freshmen, we lined up early to get our class list, incredibly thrilled to finally be here. Our heads were full of the stories we had heard about how exciting it would be. Little did we know what awaited us. With our admission pass, commonly known as the schedule, we too got a map. Like Disneyland's, ours had pictures of the paths to take, leading to our varied destinations. Some thoughtful senior had actually color-coded mine, so I knew which direction to go. Our maps led to the science hall, the English hall and the Performing Arts Center, while Disneyland's led to Adventure Land, Toon Town and Main Street. Their map listed various places to grab sustenance like the Rainforest Cafe, Mickey's Kitchen and Rocket Pizza, while our map boasted four: the Commons, the East Campus Cafeteria, the Student Store and, God help us, the vending machines. With 10 minutes to go, the class of 2003 hurled themselves into the crowd of hustling students. Some of the freshmen were simply so glad to be there that the mod didn't... ... as a freshman and stared up at the brick edifice known as Kiper. It is incomprehensible that we have grown up so quickly and are about to leave forever. Never again will we all be in the same place in time. All good things must eventually end, but the wisdom, the friends and the experiences that have changed us will remain a part of us forever. It is unbelievable that the admission pass has expired and the gates are about to close. It is time that we leap out of a storybook fantasy and into the real world. Four years later, as graduating seniors and young adults, it is time to stow the baggage we collected, climb back into the car and drive down the road to the future, never looking back. It is time to journey out into the world, to make our places as individuals, a group no longer and to make our own unique mark upon the world. Congratulations, Class of 2003!

How is the Struggle between Good and Evil presented in Lord of the Flies? Essay

Lord of the Flies was written by Word War II veteran William Golding and follows the lives of a group of school boys who crash land on a tropical island after an atomic bomb goes off. The novel starts like an adventure story of a group of boys free to do what they want in paradise with the lack of adult control. However the story quickly develops into a deeply meaningful insight into the evil of human nature and a tale of the desperate struggle for the survival of good. The author concentrates on the decent from democracy to chaos. He presents the tale as the struggle between good and evil through a variety of methods from physical struggles, like the fights between Jack and Ralph, to subtle battles for control, like Jacks constant power mongering and undermining of Ralph. Golding uses a small group of main characters to tell the majority of the story. First there is Ralph, â€Å"the boy with fair hair,† he is the first character the reader is introduced to and is instantly likeable as he is naturally attractive and has a lot of charisma. The other boys naturally respect him because of these attributes and he makes a good leader because of this. The story revolves around Ralph and his emotions. Ralph is tempted by Jack and evil ways but is undoubtedly good and the hero. Then there is Piggy, â€Å"shorter†¦and very fat,† the second to be introduced. Piggy is the opposite of Ralph in terms of looks and is an easy target for bullying. Piggy however much disliked is most likely the smartest on the island, he is Ralph’s font of information and has remarkable commonsense and is an original thinker. In the civilised world Piggy would be respected, on the island he was forced to solitude through no fault of his own because of his looks. Piggy is like Ralph, good, but unlike Ralph is never tempted by evil. Then there is Jack, the leader of the choir who become the hunters. Jack rules by fear alone and does not like to share power. â€Å"†I ought to be chief,† said Jack with a simple arrogance.† So he is deeply resentful of Ralph being chosen diplomatically as leader. Besides being a leader he is a bully, â€Å"shut up fatty†, Jack targets piggy the most while he starts off gaining Ralph’s trust and broods secretly over his humiliation of democratic defeat. Jack is the main source of evil on the island and drives the island into savagery with his obsession with hunting and power gr abbing. Ralph represents good’s struggle with evil through his actions. To start with he is tempted by Jack and hunting, â€Å"Ralph watched them [the hunters] envious and resentful.† And this is reflected in the way he treats Piggy; at the beginning he mocks him and does not take him seriously, â€Å"†Piggy!† Ralph shrieked with laughter,† by the end he is to Ralph â€Å"the true, wise friend called Piggy.† Golding has shown a drifting scale through the book at the beginning Ralph and Jack are great friends, by the end they are mortal enemies. As Jack becomes less civilised Ralph likes him less and as Ralph becomes more civilised he likes Piggy more. Ralph represents the failing battle of good against evil. Even though ultimately he was rescued, he failed to stop evil and maintain order, peace or even the fire. Jack represents evil in the book and is typically compared with Hitler and other evil dictators in history. The simplicity of Jack is the terrifying part about him. He acts on his feelings and rules everyone by fear and dictating to everyone one. He is arrogant, determined, quite clever, bossy and a bully. At the start he is clearly a bad person and there are dark hints of his evil, â€Å"light blue eyes, frustrated now, and turning, or ready to turn to anger.† However he is still just a typical bully, nothing special, just in a special situation. Jack controls the â€Å"hunters† who start as the choir but descend into savagery following Jack. It is who Jack is at the beginning of the story compared to who he becomes that shows how evil dominates the island. Jack like many others is primarily concerned with meat, hunting, games and having fun no matter who they hurt. This makes him appealing and as Ralph constantly tries to enforce the rules Jack uses this to undermine Ralph and strengthen his own position. For example Jack criticises Ralph for â€Å"not hunting† and being â€Å"bossy†. Golding also uses symbolism to present the struggle between good and evil. Firstly there is the Conch. This object is used by Ralph to call meetings and to keep order in a gathering by making a rule that only the holder of the Conch may speak. The Conch represents democracy and begins as a beautiful colourful object, â€Å"a deep cream, touched here and there with faded pink.† But as savagery creeps into the island it gets duller and darker until Roger smashes it into â€Å"a thousand white fragments†. This shows how as evil creeps into the island democracy and rules become less and less relevant until they are destroyed completely by evil, embodied in this case by Roger. The fire represents man’s inability to control nature. The fire is used to cook meat and to try and signal for a rescue. However as savagery increases the fire is not used as a signal, it is used only for cooking meat. This shows how some of the boys give up on civilisation and loose hope of it coming back. In the end the hunters try to use the fire to kill Ralph. Ironically this act of pure destruction and chaos leads to the resurrection of society on the island through the arrival of the rescue boat. Simon and Roger represent two ends of a scale in the book. Golding has used Roger as a representation of true evil while using Simon as a Jesus like pure good character. Both are loners with few friends and stay outside the group but when it is involved in good things, like building huts, Simon joins in. As the island descends into savagery Roger not only joins in but also becomes as powerful as Jack â€Å"wielding a nameless authority.† Of course as Simon is the representation of good he is destroyed by evil. Roger as the representation of evil not only helps to destroy Simon, but also murders Piggy. These two characters also help to define the decent into savagery. At the beginning when Ralph has just been elected leader, Simon goes with the Jack and Ralph exploring the island. He is at his most popular at this point and this shows how at the beginning good people like Simon are very expectable. Before the end Simon is murdered and by the time Ralph is hunted Roger is nearly as powerful as Jack. â€Å"Roger edged past the Chief, only just avoiding pushing him with his shoulder.† This shows how powerful Roger has become, because while you would think all of Jack’s followers fear or at the least respect him Roger clearly has little of either for Jack as he nearly knocks him over while passing by. This shows how evil has began to dominate the group and makes it seem like Jake is no longer evil enough to control the group. This shows that evil is it’s own master and Roger would probably go on to take over the group, as he is so evil and therefore powerful. Golding experiences of WWII are linked to the entire book. In WWII Golding would have seen un-imaginable evil, men fighting men to the death merciless and horrible to watch. The ideas portrayed in the book offer explanations to why evil dominates good. Firstly it is easier to be evil and a lot more fun. The novel shows this by hunting and other games. During a hunt a boy must cause pain to an animal and ultimately kill it, but that is not considered as the pleasure is a drug to the young boys’ minds which none can deny. The same goes for games involving others being hurt, they know that they are causing pain but slowly they begin to care less and less. They cause more and more pain to the human they are hunting letting the excitement overwhelm them, until an event like the death of Simon happens and boundaries have been crossed. By then there is no turning back and the once innocent boy playing games are lost in savagery and they have become easy to control with fear and hunti ng. That is how Jack gained his power. Secondly being good all the time is near impossible and boring. Even Ralph joins the hunt and is in fact the first to make fun of Piggy. In fact Ralph is the first to call Piggy Piggy, â€Å"his real name’s Piggy.† And begin the cycle of bullying that leads to his death. What Golding shows by this is nobody, not a saint, a pope or anybody has ever gone through life without performing, however small, some evil consciously. Every boy on the island is tempted and in some way they all commit some form of evil, whether it is the name calling of a weaker boy to the murder of another, they all do it. There are only two exceptions: Piggy, because he is not strong enough to perform evil and Simon, because he is pure good. But in reality no one exists like Simon, unless you believe in Jesus (and what the Bible teaches) and even if you do then you also believe he was more than human. Thirdly the line between good and evil is unclear. As Golding shows the decent into Savagery is slow, as the island changes boundaries of acceptance change. To start in a private school the children would not have bullied an other, as they did to Piggy, as the laws of there school would punish them. Once on the island there new freedom is a luxury and they do not hesitate to call others by names. However they all still cling to civilisation, for a while at least, as at the beginning none would attack another without justification. As the island changes the boundaries are pushed so far that murder is justifiable. As mentioned before once the boundaries are crossed there is no going back. Golding offers another explanation to the reason for evils victory, â€Å"the darkness of man’s heart† perhaps men are naturally evil. If one takes this mentality then in reality there is no struggle between good and evil; just resistance as evil dominates and men become moraleless creatures driven only by basic desire. Books like Lord of the Rings or Harry Potter portray evil as a different species, as men who are corrupted and not as Golding describes men in there natural and basic form. Lord of the Flies is perhaps the only novel which describes the battle between good and evil as the inner battle which every man must face. Simon was a visionary and his realisation is what Golding was trying to say, the â€Å"beast† they all feared was within them. In other words they feared each other and themselves but could not realise this. Golding presents the struggle between good and evil as a battle doomed from the start. He portrays men as naturally evil and only the few who cling to civilisation as good, but they are ultimately doomed as the three who do stay true to humanity are destroyed save Ralph who is rescued by luck. Lord of the Flies shows how without the fragile walls of society what human nature is truly like and why evil in the end will always be able to dominate good.

Using the Spanish Verb Encontrar

Using the Spanish Verb Encontrar Although encontrar is obviously a cognate of the English verb to encounter and has the same basic meaning, it is more common than the English verb and is used in a wider variety of situations. Most of the time, encontrar can be translated as to find with its varieties of meanings: Quiero encontrar al hombre de mi vida. I want to find the man of my life. Aquà ­ vas a encontrar el mejor jazz en el mundo. Here you are going to find the best jazz in the world. No encuentro la opcià ³n de exportar la foto. Im not finding the option for exporting the photo.  ¿Encontraste las llaves del coche? Did you find the keys to the car? No pude encontrar lo que estaba buscando. I couldnt find what I was looking for. Encontrà © que las puertas de las oportunidades se abrieron. I found that the doors of opportunity were opened. Los mà ©dicos le encontraron el cncer justo a tiempo. The doctors found his cancer just in time. Encontraron dificultad para diferenciar entre lesiones benignas y malignas. They found difficulty in differentiating between benign and harmful injuries. In the above examples, other translations for encontrar are possible: Im not locating the option for exporting the photo. I saw that the doors of opportunity were opened. The doctors discovered his cancer just in time. They ran into difficulty in differentiating between benign and harmful injuries. They encountered difficulty in differentiating between benign and harmful injuries. If you try translating a sentence using encontrar and find doesnt work well, you may have better luck using one of the verbs in the above paragraph. The reflexive form encontrarse sometimes suggests that something was found unexpectedly or by chance: Se encontraron el dinero en la calle. They (unexpectedly) found the money in the streets. Yo me encuentro el mismo problema. I am (unintentionally) finding the same problem. The reflexive form can also be used to mean to meet each other or to find each other. Brad y Jennifer se encontraron en secreto. Brad and Jennifer met in secret. La medicina y la fe se encuentran en Lourdes. Medicine and faith meet at Lourdes. The reflexive form can also be used to give the verb a passive meaning: Se encontraron las llaves de la casa, pero ningà ºn efecto personal. The keys to the house were found, but no personal effects. No se encontrà ³ nada. Era una falsa alerta. Nothing was found. It was a false alarm. Keep in mind that encontrar is conjugated irregularly, following the pattern of . When the stem of the verb is stressed, the o changes to ue. Verb forms that are irregular (in boldface) are: Present indicative (I find, you find, etc.): yo encuentro, tà º encuentras, usted/à ©l/ella encuentra, nosotros/as encontramos, vosotros/as encontris, ustedes/ellos/ellas encuentran. Present subjunctive (that I find, that you find, etc.): que yo encuentre, que tà º encuentres, que usted/à ©l/ella encuentre, que nosotros/as encontremos, que vosotros/as encontrà ©is, que ustedes/ellos/ellas encuentren. Imperative (commands): encuentra (tà º), no encuentres (tà º), encuentre usted, encontremos (nosotros/as), encontrad (vosotros/as), no encontrà ©is (vosotros/as), encuentren ustedes. All other forms are regularly conjugated. The most common related noun is el encuentro, which can refer to encounters of various kinds, including meetings, discussions and even collisions.

Egypt and Mummification essays

Egypt and Mummification essays Ancient Egypt Ancient civilizations are studied today to help us understand more about our worlds past and what has brought us to where we are today. Our findings have not only answered questions, but also brought us to ask questions. Perhaps one of the most studied and yet least understood civilizations ever were the Ancient Egyptians. Located in northern Africa, Egypt is a country unlike any other that is situated on the vast continent. Ancient towns that once thrived have now been reduced to mostly rubble. Intriguing artifacts have been discovered over time that help us to understand what it was like to have lived back then. One of the keys to understanding the ancient civilization is the Rosetta stone. This artifact was discovered in 1799 and helps us even today to interpret the writings of the ancient hieroglyphics. Egypts history, religion, and beliefs were left on these hieroglyphics. Some of the writings included stories of the kings that ruled during the different dynasties. Gods were also very prominent during this time and played a major role in the way people lived their lives. Not everyone was able to read or write, so people who were able to read or write hieroglyphics were held highly in the community. Children whose families were considered important were able to attend a special school in which they were taught how to read and write. These children would then grow up to become scribes. Scribes seemed to lead a better life than most people because they had power over them. The actual power to read and write was more valuable than food, water, and clothing. Scribes were considered so powerful because they were able to copy sacred texts onto royal books, that were carved into the tomb walls of the kings and queens of Egypt. As in todays society woman had to struggle for equality among men. There is little evidence that women knew how to read or write. It is believe...

Competition Law And Consumer Protection Case Study

Competition Law And Consumer Protection - Case Study Example Consumers are now defined as people who buy for purposes unrelated to their trade, business or profession. As per the statute, consumers have to be sold goods of satisfactory quality, after taking into account description, price and other relevant circumstances. If an item is defective at the time of sale, which is referred to as a latent or inherent fault, then the consumer lodge a complaint on the discovery of such a defect. Consumers will not be entitled to a legal remedy in respect of: The condition as set out in The Sale of Goods Act 1979, in respect of merchantable quality of the goods, specifies that the implied terms, "where the seller sells goods in the course of a business, there is an implied term that the goods supplied under the contract are of merchantable quality except that there is no such condition." In Thornett & Fehr v Beer & Son, the buyer bought some barrels of vegetable glue from the seller without properly inspecting the contents, though every opportunity for doing so was offered by the seller. The court decided that if there has been some examination then the buyer cannot complain about defects which a full examination would have revealed4. The Sale of Goods Act 1979 defines implied terms with regard to reasonable fitness of purpose as the sale of goods by a seller in the course of a business and the buyer, expressly or by implication, makes it known to the seller or where the purchase price or part of it is payable by installments and the goods were previously sold by a credit broker to the seller to that credit broker5. In Griffiths v Peter Conway ltd, it was held by the court that special purpose must be communicated expressly or by implication6. This was also reiterated in Slater v Finning7. If there is only one purpose for which something is bought then the fitness of its purpose is implied.

Professional Integration Within Health Care Pharmacies Essay

Professional Integration Within Health Care Pharmacies - Essay Example The aim of this paper is to do this, in regards to one health care organization in particular - The HMO Research Network. This is what will be dissertated in the following. Integrated care systems have unique advantages for conducting research, this system in particular is a perfect example of this representation. The HMO Research Network (HMORN) includes research centers associated with 13 large integrated care systems whose research focuses primarily on improving health and health care delivery using the extraordinary platform which is provided by these health systems. "HMORN research centers have access to large, defined populations, comprehensive medical information, extensive computerized data systems and to medical care delivery systems that offer extraordinary research opportunities." (Vogt, Lafata, Tolsma, & Greene, 2004). Integrated care health maintenance organizations (HMOs) provide the absolute optimal mix of population base, electronic medical and financial databases, and longitudinal observation for much heath research.