Iser-The Reading Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Iser-The Reading Process - Essay Example However, expectations are seldom fulfilled, instead building upon each other, modifying each other. â€Å"Thus, the reader, in establishing these interrelations between past, present and future, actually causes the text to reveal its potential multiplicity of connections. These connections are the product of the reader’s mind working on the raw material of the text, though they are not the text itself† (Isler). Timing plays a critical element in the interpretation of a work such that a second reading can not repeat the same experiences of the first. Finally, in interpreting the text, the work becomes something of a mirror, revealing the way in which the reader thinks while forcing them to think about things from a different perspective than their natural surroundings. Envisioning is another part of the interactive process as something different from observing that encourages the active use of the imagination. When something is observed, the imagination is no longer call ed into play, diminishing the reading experience. The concept of grouping also plays a large role, as the reader continuously strives to group information together in configurations that make sense according to their interpretation of the text. Grouping provides the author with the tool of illusion. Although illusion can be overused, some illusion is necessary. â€Å"Without the formation of illusions, the unfamiliar world of the text would remain unfamiliar.† It is through the process of building and experiencing illusions that the reader opens himself to the unfamiliar world of the text without becoming imprisoned in it. It is only through reading that we are able to uncover this unformulated portion of the text and helps us develop a formulated meaning, but still allows us the freedom to develop this meaning on our own. It is as our interpretation shifts with the emergence of other

Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Philosophy Essay The existence of God is viewed in two debatable perspectives – either the Divine Almighty exists or He does not. It is almost impossible to dwell on revealing the right answer to resolve this matter as one is dealing with an abstract matter that goes beyond reason and the physical or concrete aspect of life and the universe. The first argument questions the existence of God because there is no tangible sign in reality that reveals that He does exist. The opposite argument argues that God exists because of the impossibility of the presence of a Divine Being despite his non-existence in physical terms. This is supported by the virtue of faith and the belief that a greater power must be responsible for the existence of man and life. Perhaps asking about the existence of God is one of the most glorified questions that have not been answered since the beginning of time. This may not only be because of the fact that he does not encompass a physical entity, but also because God as an entity is beyond reason that people cannot even start to define who or what He is, what He is capable of doing, and such. In order to present an argument regarding this matter, it is important to discuss points which will prove or rather rationalize God’s existence. God exists, but He will only dynamically exist if one believes in His true existence. Rationalizing the existence of God is similar to proving the existence of love. Love is an abstract feeling or emotion, like God Himself is a nonrepresentational entity which does not exist in physical terms. Love is the same. It is an abstract feeling or emotion which cannot be represented in tangible terms, however, people know what it is, if not believe in it. Love exists because people believe in it. Love is felt and expressed, defining its meaning and significance, and framing it as a valid term or feeling because people can feel it allowing them to know it does exist. On the other hand, people who do not believe in love do not also believe it exists. I think this argument goes the same with the inquiry of the existence of God. God is a term or a word which represents a Divine Entity, while love is also a term or a word which represents an abstract feeling or emotion. However, their existence in reality is only confined in terms or words not unless people would believe they do exist and act upon their existence. Therefore, God does not exist for people who do not have faith in His existence, who do not give meaning to who He is as the creator of man and the universe. Think about love and why people believe it exists. This is because people choose to believe in what they feel, although unexplainable and intangible. Love is expressed in so many ways, from touching, caring, helping, doing good and kind acts, etc. Since love is expressed, then it is felt consequentially; and since it is felt, then people believe it does exist. In terms of the existence of God, people can justify His existence then by acting on their faith. This means worshipping him, praying to him, spreading His word, practicing or applying His commandments, and living in His righteousness. God becomes present in an individual’s life if he chooses to abide by Him and believe in what He has to offer for mankind. This means that although God exists by definition, He will continually exist in reality – that is in the lives of man and in everything they do – if people believe that He plays an important role in their lives and that He commands or directs man into living in the kind of life that He wants for His people. The existence of God then is justified by faith. Moreover, God exists within the things that represent who He is as a Diety – and that is in goodness, in love, in hope, respect, trust, and graciousness. God’s existence perhaps is the most difficult matter to argue given the diverse answers of people to this inquiry. However, one possible rationalization is faith in Him and all the things that people experience that is representative of God. That is man’s faith in God brings Him beyond the term or word labeled to Him, and that the faith of man leads Him to act on it by doing things to acknowledge His existence.

Sorority House Ghost Story :: Urban Legend

Sorority House Ghost Story I searched until I heard a story that gave me the chills. It comes from right around the block from where I live on campus, at one of the sorority houses at the University of Maryland. I collected this story the weekend of April 2nd, at my fraternity house. I asked my friend, a junior from Pikesville, if she knows any ghost stories. Her face lit up as if she was dying to tell me this story since the first time we ever met. She asked â€Å"you never heard the story of the ghost in the sorority house?† I replied no. The normally quiet woman demanded my attention away from the TV and went into her story. "Many years ago a bunch of girls in my house [supposedly] were drinking and celebrating a girl’s 21st birthday party.† She went on to explain that drinking in sorority houses is forbidden by the university, and that a sorority would get thrown out of their own house if the university or the police ever found out. My friend told this story very well. I felt like I should turn out the lights and give her a flashlight to hold up to her face. She went on to say that, according to the legend, everyone was very drunk and pushed the birthday girl to keep drinking. It is tradition that the birthday boy or girl takes 21 shots on his or her 21st birthday. Unfortunately for this young woman, she passed out before she made it to her benchmarked 21st shot. The women, terrified that if they brought her to a hospital they would get into trouble for drinking in their house, took the birthday girl to her bed and tried taking care of her themselves. Before midnight (when she would have turned 21), the young woman died of alcohol poisoning. Ever since that night, the sorority house has been haunted. The storyteller told me that a friend she knows once had her keyboard pulled out of her desk in the middle of the night and the keys mysteriously started moving on their own. She said that toilets inexplicably flush and the sinks in the house sometimes turn on without anybody touching them. The storyteller made the legend very believable in the way she described young women who I know who have had ghost encounters.

People Seldom stand up for what they believe in :: essays research papers

Many people, believing he or she is smarter then the rest of the world, will think they stand up for what the believe in, but are very easily persuaded by the majority of the population, In fear of being belittled and looked down upon by their peers. People are social creatures and that they always fear rejection because it would be like being thrown out of the pack, therefore leaving them open and vulnerable to attacks. Humans strive for popularity because they all want to be known and those who are popular are also safe within their "pack" and if someone was to think a different way from either those who are popular or those who are following the popular, that would make them an outcast and therefore vulnerable. Such as in The Crucible when Mary tries to convince the court that the other girls are lying to the court about the many people accused for witchcraft. She, in the end, flees from John Proctor and falsely proclaims to the people of Salem that he is a witch himself because she knows she is now vulnerable to being arrested for lying to the court. No matter what time period this is going on. The Milgram Experiment is a demonstration that shows people will obey authority simply because they are the authority and won't do the right thing because the authority told them what the right thing is. countless teachers are put to the test. The experimenter would instruct the teacher, which is shocking the ?learner?, that they must read a series of questions that the ?learner? must answer, if the question is wrong, the teacher must shock him and increase the voltage while sitting in a separated room. In reality the ?learner? is an actor, which will be unharmed. The real experiment is how long the teachers will continue as instructed to cause pain to the actor.

Swan Lake Comparative Essay

The timeless Swan Lake is today prized as one of the world's greatest and most renowned classical ballets to ever exist. For over one hundred years Swan Lake has been performed, adapted and rewritten innumerable times to enthrall a wide range of audiences all across the world. Whilst the foundation of how Swan Lake began and came to be is still, to some extent, unknown, it is widely believed that the production was originally choreographed by Julius Resigned with the accompaniment of celebrated Russian composer Russian Tchaikovsky for the musical score.It was first resented as The Lake of the Swans by the Ballet of the Moscow Imperial Abolish Theatre in 1877 in Moscow, Russia. Brash Judgment and calamitous reviews were passed upon this production and in turn, most ballet companies today now establish their staging both choreographically and musically on the revival created by Marcus Petite and Level Vivian, which opened in 1895. Seen through the eyes of millions, countless variations of Swan Lake have been created since its original formation in 1877.One of the most recognized recreations is the Swan Lake modernized by the hieroglyphic genius Grange Murphy and presented by the illustrious Australian Ballet Company in 2002. A spiraling love triangle between the changeable Prince Siegfried, a delicate Dotted and an alluring Baroness von Rotate, Grange Murphy's adaptation of Swan Lake is one to rival most others around the world. Although rewritten countless times, the original plot of Swan Lake follows the tale of the young Princess Dotted, who, under the spell of an evil sorcerer interchanges between a swan and a beautiful young woman.Prince Siegfried, a young man of 21 and soon to e married, stumbles across a lake of beautiful swans whilst on a hunting trip. He discovers through the Swan Queen, Dotted that the evil sorcerer had cast an enchantment on many beautiful girls to turn them into swans, and the tears of their grieving parents had formed the lake. Soon after, Prince Siegfried falls madly in love with Dotted. She reveals to him that the only way the spell could be broken is if a man, pure in heart, pledges his everlasting love to her.This angers the evil enchantress Baroness Von Rotate, and she manipulates Prince Siegfried into infesting his love to Doodle, a girl posing as Dotted and so happens to be Von Rotator's daughter. Dismayed and with a broken heart, Dotted throws herself into the lake, followed by Prince Siegfried who was horrified by his mistake. Together their spirits ascend into the heavens above Swan Lake. Grange Murphy's adaptation breathes new life into the classic Swan Lake by taking a realistic and modernized approach, twisting it in with sensual fantasy and warped spectacle.These themes, combined with others such as betrayal, instability, depression and confusion deviate room the fantasy world seen in the original production and take precedence over the linear narrative of Swan Lake to construct a realistic repres entation that is relatable to audiences all across the world. Murphy's variation of Swan Lake revisits the story of Dotted; the young and naive lover of Prince Siegfried who she is to be married to. After a series of events, Dotted is driven insane by his overpowering infatuation with Baroness Von Rotate.She is then committed to a sanatorium where her emotional damage is irreversible. This is perceived through a range of striking, fragmented events that are seemingly impulsive and uncontrollable. A number of visions are seen through the eyes of the mentally unbalanced Dotted, including a heart shattering pas De deuce between herself and Prince Siegfried, where she appears as a feeble, broken swan and tries to escape his grasp. This is soon followed by an encounter with Baroness Von Rotate, who walks past the window of her enclosed room, arm in arm with the Prince.After much deceit and changeability, the Prince realizes his heart truly belongs to Dotted and tries to find her once mor e, but it is all n vain as Dotted has committed suicide, descending gracefully into the lake, clothed in a long dress. This modern variation, through exploiting the themes of love, loss and desperation maintains an emotional connection to the audience while still fabricating a strong production to be an escape for the audience to enjoy.Grange Murphy made further alterations to the traditional Swan Lake to push the boundaries of contemporary ballet, a style of dance that has recently arisen in the 20th century, incorporating both modern dance and classical ballet. This was flawlessly achieved y Murphy through his involvement in the Sydney Dance Company. The movements used are fundamental to the storyline of Swan Lake as Murphy has staged it to be predominantly driven by romance. He utilizes elements of daring floor work, suspenseful lifts and fluid motions to create a ministering and expressive work of art.In appreciation of classical ballet, many graceful leaps and lifts are used, i ndicative of the traditional swan's fragility. In contrast to this, the scene where Dotted becomes is driven insane wing for the attention Prince Siegfried wild, harassing movements are used, strongly channeling contemporary dance. This is again seen in the imagined fantasy duet between Dotted and Prince Siegfried, when she is locked in the sanatorium. This duet includes variations of movements associated with classical ballet by upside-down grand rondo De Jamb, parallel retires pirouettes and large, sweeping movements.In recognition to the original Swan Lake, Murphy's adaptation still follows the vital elements of the production, including the corps De ballet of graceful swans and a number of unchanged repertoire pieces. The tagging of Grange Murphy's Swan Lake is an astounding construction of visual and aural components to be the driving force behind his modern interpretation. He gives his story a fresh edge by using the original Tchaikovsky score, as recorded by Richard Bonged, r ather than the well-known Richard Dried arrangement that most ballet companies use today when performing Swan Lake.This was a subliminal device used to link the contemporary production back to its foundations. The sets used in Murphy's production are unrivalled. The lake is always present, either in full view or just beyond a foreground interior. In Part 1, it is a fragile, natural spectacle, in Part 2 it is a pool of brooding tranquility and in Part 3 it finishes as a black receptacle of ultimate heartbreak and tragedy. The sanatorium is a minimalist environment- cold, intimidating and antidemocratic.The space used for this scene is small and enclosed limiting movement and in turn, making them more effective. The impeccable costuming influenced by Edwardian times creates a contrast between the traditional Swan lake that focuses it's costuming around the middle ages and drives the narrative forward with repeated motifs. Deist's enormous flowing white wedding dress is one of the most memorable costume devices used, with it hinting at a division between Prince Siegfried and Dotted.

Nominalization and Conversion

Nominalization and Conversion Nominalization and Conversion Nominalization and Conversion By Mark Nichol Every field of endeavor has its vocabulary, and the business world, for better or worse, has contributed significantly to the English language with jargon- an insider language that often obfuscates when it should clarify and complicates when it should simplify. This post discusses two categories of such word adaptation. Nominalization is morphological change though suffixation- the creation of a noun by attaching a suffix to an existing noun or another part of speech. For example, pomposity derives from pompous, corporatism comes from corporate, and humanization results from nominalization of humanize (and, of course, nominalization is itself a nominalization of nominal, which simply means â€Å"pertaining to a name or naming,† though it often has a sense of â€Å"in name only†). This neologistic strategy is not inherently inadvisable; it is, after all, how we label concepts that help us understand the world. But writers can get carried away, piling up nominalizations into a formidable heap of sesquipedalian pedantry. When you find yourself collecting such constructions, aid comprehension by breaking the discussion down into more conversational prose- describe with a phrase what one word can do more concisely but not necessarily more coherently. The second category, conversion (also called zero derivation), sometimes takes this disassembly too far in the opposite direction. Here, one part of speech is repurposed, without alteration, into another, as when verbs become nouns. Some examples are well worn: Disconnect, for one, has become increasingly ubiquitous since its coinage several decades ago to describe a break or disruption between two entities or parties or between one entity or party and a concept. But other venerable words have taken on new senses: For example, build, which as a noun has long referred to a person or animal’s size and shape, now also denotes the development of a procedure or a system. Fail has existed for some time as a noun in the phrase â€Å"without fail† and in the context of a financial deal, but now it is an everyday truncation of failure. And read, employed for decades to refer to something read or the act of reading or time spent reading, has more recently developed as a casual alternative to analysis or opinion in such comments as â€Å"What’s your read on that?† Meanwhile, a new generation of upstart conversions has entered the lexicon since the passing of the last millennium: Writers refer to an ask, or what is expected or requested of someone. Solution is passà ©; one now achieves a solve. And the cost of something is often referred to in corporate contexts as the spend. It’s likely too late for an undo for some of these words, but others may quietly disappear, while those that remain eventually become as unobjectionable as disconnect as a noun. But unless you’re in the thick of the business realm (and perhaps even then), maintain an aversion to conversion. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Useful Stock Phrases for Your Business Emails41 Words That Are Better Than Good50 Plain-Language Substitutions for Wordy Phrases

Free Essays on Aristotle & Plato On Art

Three Athenian philosophers flourish in Greece from 470 B. C. until 320 B. C. These philosophers were famous for their â€Å"schools of thought.† The first of these is Socrates who lived from 469 until 399 B. C. He did not leave any writings behind; therefore, we know about his ways of thinking from those of whom he taught. His famous method of instruction called the Socratic method is still used today. In this method, the teacher allows students to use their own deductive reasoning to see things for themselves through a series of questions and answers. Unfortunately, many did not agree with Socrates teachings. He was accused of corrupting the youth in Athens and sentenced to death. One of Socrates most famous students, Plato, established a second school of thought. Flourishing around 400 B. C., Plato contradicted his teacher in that he left many writings, his most famous being The Republic. He believed that a higher world of unchanging forms and ideas existed. If a person knew these forms, then he knew the truth. These things, however, could only be achieved by a mind that had been properly trained. One of his idea forms was his vision of government. He did not trust the democracy. He felt that the highest rank should belong to the philosophers who were also kings, followed by the courageous, and ended with the rest of who must have desire. He established the Academy at which he taught Aristotle. The third school of thought was that of Aristotle (384-322 B. C.). He felt that form and matter were one, not two separate concepts. Based on his beliefs that the previous were not separable, he not unlike his teacher, tried to discover the best form of government. He determined that only three forms of government existed that could be deemed good – aristocracy, monarchy, and his personal favorite, a constitutional government. After much comparison, he believed that the latter type of government worked the best for most people. Aristotle w... Free Essays on Aristotle & Plato On Art Free Essays on Aristotle & Plato On Art Three Athenian philosophers flourish in Greece from 470 B. C. until 320 B. C. These philosophers were famous for their â€Å"schools of thought.† The first of these is Socrates who lived from 469 until 399 B. C. He did not leave any writings behind; therefore, we know about his ways of thinking from those of whom he taught. His famous method of instruction called the Socratic method is still used today. In this method, the teacher allows students to use their own deductive reasoning to see things for themselves through a series of questions and answers. Unfortunately, many did not agree with Socrates teachings. He was accused of corrupting the youth in Athens and sentenced to death. One of Socrates most famous students, Plato, established a second school of thought. Flourishing around 400 B. C., Plato contradicted his teacher in that he left many writings, his most famous being The Republic. He believed that a higher world of unchanging forms and ideas existed. If a person knew these forms, then he knew the truth. These things, however, could only be achieved by a mind that had been properly trained. One of his idea forms was his vision of government. He did not trust the democracy. He felt that the highest rank should belong to the philosophers who were also kings, followed by the courageous, and ended with the rest of who must have desire. He established the Academy at which he taught Aristotle. The third school of thought was that of Aristotle (384-322 B. C.). He felt that form and matter were one, not two separate concepts. Based on his beliefs that the previous were not separable, he not unlike his teacher, tried to discover the best form of government. He determined that only three forms of government existed that could be deemed good – aristocracy, monarchy, and his personal favorite, a constitutional government. After much comparison, he believed that the latter type of government worked the best for most people. Aristotle w...

Collective Bargaining Units Analysis Essay

Collective Bargaining Units Analysis Essay The Effects of Collective Bargaining Units Analysis Essay Example The Effects of Collective Bargaining Units Analysis Essay Example The Effects of Collective Bargaining Units in the Development of Administrative Policy The effects of collective bargaining units in the development of administrative policy are a sphere of my personal interest. For a long time, residents of the United States, particularly New York City, have become observers and even participants of the mass riots and strikes. They provoked disagreement between the officers’ union, people fighting for equality, and mayor. These events present a basis for the research work. The influence of trade unions on the administrative policy is unconditional. The only question is what the nature of this impact is. In fact, up to this time, careless actions have provoked high costs, inefficient losses on both sides, and the growth of crime among citizens. That is why the question of the influence of collective bargaining units on the policy is relevant and vital. History of the Effects of Collective Bargaining Units in the Development of Administrative Policy For the first time, the term ‘collective bargaining’ was used by economic theorist and founder of the industrial relations field Beatrice Webb in 1891 (Wilkinson, Donaghey, Dundon, 2014). Negotiations are the method by which one can get a tangible or intangible benefit, the meaning of which is the confrontation between the two sides (Jensen, 1963). From the earliest times, in the Scriptures people wanted to form unions and conduct collective negotiations. A striking example of this may be the story of the Jewish people liberation by Moses from the Egyptian oppression. This situation shows the power of unification and the ability to achieve the common goal with the help of a competent leader. Presently, the issue of unification of people is governed by a variety of federal and state laws, and other regulations. The main ones are the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), which claims in Article 23 that â€Å"everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests,† and the National Labor Relations Act (1935), which states that an employer cannot refuse union workers. Since these times, almost nothing has changed. In 2000’s, there were attempts to ban the unification of trade unions in several states, but the decisions were non-durable, and referendum annulled them. Since US policy is aimed in full measure at democratization of all sectors, the right for unification of citizens and collective bargaining is carefully protected. Problem Identification The problem of this research is a thorough analysis of the influence of unions on the administrative policy of the region in order to avoid mass demonstrations and frequent violations by citizens. In order to provide valid proposals on how to cope with the situation, there is a need to explore not only the theoretical basis but also its practical implementation. It is also important to look at the situation objectively, regardless of personal beliefs, because there are two sides in conflict, each of them is the right to some extent. It is necessary to understand the motives and expectations of all parties in order to clarify ‘levers of pressure’ to solve the conflict situation. Otherwise, riots and the weakness of power will lead to the credibility of the mayor being undermined. Police will be less vigilant while patrolling the streets because of their personal insults. Such behavior may lead to new protests and the civil war in the worst predictions. First, it is essential to understand the technology of union’s impact on the decision-making. Typically, there are three stages: the formation of the union, collective bargaining, and the influence of using the collective strength. Suppose there is a company in a highly competitive industry; first of all, workers would form a union. Then, a problematic issue arises; for example, when wage increases above the average level, a collective bargaining takes place on this subject. If negotiations are vain, the union uses its power: it organizes a strike (Weldon, 1953). For example, teachers union reached an increase in wages for themselves. Union demands are well founded. The work involves presence of liability and employees performing their duties in good faith. So, raising the level of salaries for teachers is a mandatory measure to motivate employees in the future. Let us start with the first stage. The number of union participants predicts its future activities. Trends are variable. On the one hand, small independent unions are becoming more popular. As claimed by John OGrady (1994), â€Å"unions, particularly those in the public sector, are increasingly forced to organize in smaller units as saturation points are reached in such sectors as education, health care, and local government.† However, some of these unions seek to join the national union, thereby forming a tendency to grand unification (Hebdon, Hyatt, Mazerolle, 1999). There is a clear relationship between the number of participants and union strikes: the more people in the bond, the greater the chance that they will organize a strike. Robert Hebdon, Douglas Hyatt, and Maurice Mazerolle (1999) wrote that â€Å"sympathy strikes and political strikes are undoubtedly less likely in independent unions† (p. 507). Small companies’ hierarchy has few steps, and managers inform workers about the decision-making. So, workers are more likely to operate in a team rather than engage in strikes (Hebdon et al., 1999). In large companies, hierarchization is increasing and management becomes multi-level. As a consequence, it is not always understandable for ordinary workers. Strikes occur when understanding between management and employees is broken (Hebdon et al., 1999). Collective bargaining is the second stage of the unions action. It allows to reach an agreement between employers and employees on a wide range of topics. Initially, all the theories of collective bargaining were based on economic reasons. Of course, the first desire of workers is to have appropriate wages. They also studied the effect of collective bargaining on society as it was a frequent source of demonstrations (Weldon, 1953). Moreover, there is one disadvantage in Webb’ theory: she did not consider the collective bargaining from the standpoint of power of relationships. As a rule, researchers take into account one or two factors, such as economic and political reasons. This approach is wrong because any change in physiological, political, and legal environment modifies the view of citizens on this issue. Therefore, theories of collective bargaining should consider all facets of the phenomenon (Syed, 1970). Anyway, in order for the collective bargaining process to become available, it is necessary to regard such conditions as the economic viability of the region and democratic society within the appropriate legal framework (Syed, 1970). Everyone knows that strikes and demonstrations take place in countries with well-developed economic sector, because there is a large labor market and workers in such circumstances can dictate their terms. In the countries where the economy is not developed, the citizens cherish their work, and they are willing to work even for a meager salary with hope just to feed themselves and their families. As a rule, in such countries, democracy is not developed. As already mentioned, collective bargaining has a different outcome: it can be agreed on in good faith or in the event of a conflict thus provoking strikes and mass demonstrations. Hameed Syed (1970) argues that â€Å"actual settlement or the resolution of interpersonality conflict takes place at the point where both sides reach a consonance in their respective conflict equilibria† (p. 544). It means that the facts of confrontation should be examined in order to understand the expectations of both sides and a way to meet their needs. If two parties cannot come to terms, they involve an independent third party that takes an objective decision and acts as an intermediary between the two (Syed, 1970). The mechanism of influence of unions is the same as in the vast majority of one individual firm and in the whole country. In order to demonstrate the full effect on administrative policies, there are two real examples: one of them is historical, the other two are modern. So, on March 2, 2011, the Ohio Senate passed a law that limited the rights of unions for collective bargaining and strikes (Ariosto, 2011). Therefore, teachers, firefighters, police officers, and other civil servants were deprived of the opportunity to demand better wages and health insurance. Also, workers were limited in terms of the vacation duration and a need for legislation due to the fact that such actions would slow the growth of taxes, because civil servants lived on money of taxpayers and ‘abuse of their rights’. However, the opponents of the decision made the referendum which repealed the law in November 2011. Nevertheless, even for a short time, officials managed to limit the rights described in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Surprisingly, this example was followed by several states such as Wisconsin and Indiana (Ariosto, 2011). The second incident began in 2014; its essence is the confrontation between the police union and the mayor of New York, Bill de Blasio. It all started with the death of Eric Garner on Staten Island when the white cop applied banned rear naked choke to Akai Gurley, the African American who resisted the arrest (Susman, 2015). Indignation of the masses in regard to racial discrimination was growing as the number of demonstrators. Everything exacerbated when de Blasio publicly supported the demonstrators and said that he was surprised that police officers did not arrest his black son. These events provoked growing dissatisfaction among people; as a result, the conflict reached its extreme point before the murder of two police officers, Rafael Ramos and Wenjian Liu. They were killed by Ismail Brinsley, the African American who was converted to Islam (Lowery Kindy, 2015). Then, the president of the police union, Patrick Lynch, said that the mayor of New York had blood on his hands. The co nflict continued when police officers turned their backs to the mayor during the proclamation of his speech at the funeral of the deceased (Lowery Kindy, 2015). Order in the city has been violated; constant demonstrations and violations keep occurring; the conflict has further divided the city into ethnic groups. However, the parties are not in a hurry to reconcile. Liberals believe that the conflict is related to money matters, and all the discontent is an attempt of police union to achieve the best conditions for the collective agreement. Therefore, the officials do not make concessions, although previously the mayor made generous contracts with teachers unions and municipal employees (Fermino Otis, 2014). Recently, the confrontation between police union and the mayor has gone to a new level. Now, police officers do not criticize publicly the activities of the mayor and perform their duties, and the mayor is trying to find a solution to the conflict using a system of carrot and stick. A third example is the situation in St. Louis in January 2015. There was a meeting on the issue of the new Terry Kennedy’ bill about how to install the Citizens Council to oversee the police of the city, which would have the authority to investigate allegations of police misconduct (Bamforth, 2015). This is done in order to mitigate a growing discontent between the police and citizens in connection with protests in Ferguson due to the fact that a white police officer Darren Wilson shot and killed an 18-year-old African American Michael Brown and was not convicted for it. The discussion lasted about an hour, but after the police opposed the creation of the Council, riots broke out. The situation was aggravated by the behavior of business manager of the St. Louis Police Officers Association, Jeff Roorda, who brought to the meeting a striking bracelet with the words I Am Darren Wilson. As a result of the unrest, meeting was closed, and the bill was not passed (Bamforth, 2015) Administrative Application I suggest three options to influence the situation. It is believed that the main problem lies in the content of laws and irresponsible policy in regard to them. In fact, the police officers perform everything in accordance with their official duties, and negligence of politicians in drawing up the legislative framework leads to delinquency. This opinion is shared by Eugene ODonnell, a professor at John Jay College of Criminal Justice and former NYPD officer. There is an assertion that small independent unions are less prone to strike (Hebdon et al., 1999). Moreover, if the government does not find other way, it should amend the laws governing the number of people in the unions. Therefore, the rights of people to participate and join the union will not be infringed, but their number will be adjusted. Consequently, the union would have a local character that would irrevocably affect the problem of frequent strikes and demonstrations. Finally, engaging of a third party as a mediator between the parties will help them reconcile, install all the facts, and issue a verdict as soon as possible. Some citizens offer Rudy Giuliani as the third party (Hebdon et al., 1999). Biblical Perspective There are many theories regarding workers unions and collective bargaining, but the most ancient source of this knowledge is considered to be the Bible. First of all, the Bible says that the workers must carefully perform their duties to the employer: â€Å"Servants, be obedient to them that are your masters according to the flesh, with fear and trembling, in singleness of your heart, as unto Christ† (Ephesians 6:5) as well as â€Å"with good will doing service, as to the Lord, and not to men† (Ephesians 6:7). Consequently, workers should not think about improving comfort but put a high value on the duty. They should see the work as the service of God through the conscientious performance of their duties. However, it is necessary to obtain a reward: â€Å"And in the same house remain, eating and drinking such things as they give: for the laborer is worthy of his hire. Go not from house to house† (Luk 10:7). The Bible is a holy book, but its meaning is hidden; so, it is gradually opening to mankind. However, it can be argued that the Scriptures do not support large associations, including trade unions: â€Å"Woe unto there that join house to house, that lay field to field, till there be no place, that they may be placed alone in the midst of the earth!† (Isa. 5:8). The fact that unions usually try to dictate their terms to the employer is considered wrong from the standpoint of the Bible. For employers, the Bible keeps other advice: do not skimp on pay for honest work. In James, the author warns wealthy Christians: â€Å"Look! The wages you failed to pay the workers who mowed your fields are crying out against you. The cries of the harvesters have reached the ears of the Lord Almighty† (5:4). Commentary Being an observer in this situation, the best solution is to regard all the mistakes and victories of each party. People should realize that police officers are servants of the public. This service was created with the thought for the welfare of citizens and their safety. First of all, officers are people who do their duty. Citizens can protest at any sort of topic, but the expression of their emotions should be peaceful; if it is so, the police will even help. However, when people move these legal boundaries in favor of false quest for freedom, the officers have to stop these attempts. Demonstrators should understand that their power is not only in unity but also in sober mind. Instead of showing their dissatisfaction against all adopted decisions, they should consider proposals on how to cope with the problem. All civic indignation boils down to the question of racial discrimination. Indeed, it is a problem of our society, and the US is doing its best to resolve the issue. Politicians create a regulatory framework that regulates the mechanisms of relationships among people in all spheres regardless of race. The police does the will of the law. Moreover, change takes time; nothing can be changed in a moment. In addition, it is necessary to take into account another factor, the consciousness of the people. In fact, there is one law for all citizens, and the people who disobey it should be punished regardless of their nationality. All violators must be punished equally. If statistics shows more detentions among African Americans, for example, it only testifies that some people of this ethnic group have a propensity to violate law and order. Policemen may make a mistake when forming biases, and this error should be corrected. One can understand the mayor as well as the police. In fact, he is only one man who bears responsibility for the behavior of all citizens in the city. Moreover, the solutions to the problems are difficult to implement due to pressure from protesters and police union People should realize that there are plenty of areas in the life of the city which require immediate attention and solutions. Naturally, the decision should be made quickly and decisively without relying on the fact that the problem may get resolved on its own, and de Blasio seems to exclude such an option. Therefore, collective bargaining is a means of alliance to achieve better working conditions for the employees. Sometimes, the process develops into loud strikes and demonstrations under the influence of external circumstances, and then, the politics direct all strength to solve the problem. Occasionally, civil disturbance provokes frequent offenses, crimes, and even bloodshed. As we know, a large crowd becomes uncontrollable. For this reason, this area needs to be carefully studied to avoid similar incidents in the future.

Suckwell Vacuum Cleaners, Ltd Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Suckwell Vacuum Cleaners, Ltd - Case Study Example Chipped paints happen during the assembly stage. Furthermore, the company experienced missing instructions during the final packaging and shipment. Also, missing serial numbers, broken switches and damaged insulation on main cable are identified as occurring problems in the finish product. Figure 1 summarizes the importance and difficulty to solve with regards to the identified problems. Inadequate suctions and damaged to insulation cable are the most difficult to solve and of high importance because the problems require downgrading of product and replacement of cable as a rectification. Units with suction problems are sold at half the price of a new unit but without Suckwell identity markings. Other problems such as missing instructions and broken switches are considered important but easy to solve because these can be corrected during the assembly stages as well as final inspection of finish products. Perforated bags and scratches on the plastic are also considered as important because they provide aesthetics to the product. On the other hand, missing serial number and paint chipped are categorized as problems of lesser importance because serial numbers are considered as additional information of the product for purposes of traceability while chipped paints can be prevented along the assembly line. The frequency and costs incurred with the problems identif... Sorting the problems identified in Figure 1, the Pareto analysis showed that scratches on the plastic body are the most recurring problem and incurs the highest cost of non-conformance. Thus, this paper will focus on solving the problem with regards to scratches. Figure 3 illustrates the Pareto analysis conducted on the problems identified. A Pareto Analysis requires the utilisation of a chart which is designed by Vilfredo Pareto which also follows the 80:20 rule. The analysis rates the problems according to importance, frequency and impact of the problem to the company. According to Pareto's rule, if a company prevents the cause of only 20% of the cause-effect pairs, they can reduce the number of defect incidents by 80% (Kemp, 2006). In other words, the company separates the vital few from the trivial many where the vital few are considered as the most important problems that need to be addressed (Reliability Analysis Center, 2004). Figure . Frequency and Costs of Non-conformances Problems Identified Frequency Cost of Non-conformance Cost to Rectify Complaints Annual Costs 1. Scratches on plastic body (SC) 340 1,360.00 70,720.00 2. Paint chipped (PC) 150 150.00 7,800.00 3. Perforated bag (PB) 130 130.00 650.00 7,410.00 4. Missing instructions (MI) 20 10.00 520.00 5. Broken switch (BS) 130 71.50 26,000.00 29,718.00 6. No serial number (NS) 12 3.60 187.20 Total Cost 782 1725.10 26,650.00 166,355.20 Figure . Pareto Analysis Cause and Effect Diagram As previously mentioned, the most important as well as part of the vital few problem is the scratches on the plastic body of the vacuum cleaners. Figure 4 is an Ishikawa diagram or a

Argument on Censorship Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Argument on Censorship - Research Paper Example This paper is a critical evaluation of censorship both as a positive and a negative instrument. Censorship Censorship, as stated herein, is an instrument used by governments, religious groups, and media among other groups to prevent the flow of information, which has a real or perceived capacity of destabilizing the society. The government and other interested parties such as the church, have the role of ensuring that moral values are protected in the society by all means available. This is necessary especially with the ever increasing accessibility and utilization of internet resources, not only by adults but also under age users. Apparently, the internet has got thousands of sites, which contain pornographic contents ranging from videos, photographs and texts. In this era of high HIV prevalence, every parent must be worried and careful on the kind of information their children are getting from the internet as pornographic materials have the capacity of creating curiosity which may end up being satisfied through engagement in illicit sex. In order to achieve this, censorship on such materials is essential and every internet provider should be held accountable if they do not apply filter on such contents (Heins 58). However, censorship in the past has been used as a means of keeping the citizens in the dark and protecting governments from criticism (Jansen 22). In this context, laws are put in place with the intention of gagging institutions such as the media and monitoring the internet so as to ensure that they do not broadcast information which is anti government. China for example has been criticized several times for applying censorship to protect the communist party. In this case, critics indicate that the government is keen on covering up past and present failures of the party so as to let people continue believing that their government is perfect and responsible. In addition, it is believed that censorship in this country is also used to shun penetration of western ideologies in the society especially due to the fact that most of the western nations are pro democracy and in that aspect, allowing free flow of information from their sources may open the eyes of Chinese citizens to alternative forms of governance (Barbour 61). This in itself is highly unethical on the part of the government as it enhances ignorance on matters concerning politics and also creates a platform for mismanagement of public resources and limitation of fundamental human rights such as freedom of expression and the right to hold demonstrations. It also puts media personnel at loggerheads with the authorities, which puts them in danger of being arrested or losing their operating licenses (Jansen 36). Countries such as Ireland have also in the past passed legislations promoting censorship of books and other materials believed to touch on issues that are perceived to be sensitive. These are for example the Censorship of Publications Act, 1929, 1946 and 1967, whic h restricted the publishing or possession of materials discussing reproductive health (Maurice 19). This is to imply that any information regarding contraceptives, sex, condoms, abortion among others were not to be circulated in the society, a move which was seen as favoring the

Jinikin Jeans Human Resource Analysis and Strategies Essay

Jinikin Jeans Human Resource Analysis and Strategies - Essay Example By Jinkin Jeans beginning to alter the way in which they approach the structures within the company, there will be the ability to create a different set of return with the company while moving toward increased growth within the corporation. Analysis of People Management The main problem with Jinkin Jeans is noted first through the outcome of the performance that is a part of the company. The human resource management which occurs in a business directly reflects how the external environment responds and what is required for improvement by those which are functioning within a corporation. To alter this, there is the need to analyze the performance of the external environment first then to link this back to the way in which the human resources are functioning within the company (Paul, 2003). For Jinkin Jeans, this is noted with the external performance. There is difficulty in keeping up with the latest trends and fast pace of fashion that is required for the environment. More important, there are continuous complaints from customers and the inability to deliver the right products to those who are interested in the jeans. These are causing for lower performance and for competitors to move ahead of the jean company. The problem links to the management of those working for the company, knowledge of the vision of the corporation and the way in which the different development of jeans is being handled, both in terms of outsourcing the jeans and within the main corporation. The problem which is associated with the human management in Jinkin Jeans is furthered by not having the right individuals toward the tasks as well as carrying a loss of vision toward the requirements with the business. For Jinkin Jeans to remain as a part of the competition there needs to be an approach of having the latest fashion trends, creating accuracy with all products offered and to ensure that there is mainstream developments from all employees. More important, the leaders and those developi ng the products need to have a competent understanding of the tasks to be carried forward within the corporation to expand the market. It is noted that there is a direct relationship between total quality management and operational performance. Total quality management consists of first understanding the vision and values of the company then expanding this into an understanding of the relationships which come from the supply chain to the products and to the external environment. The operations then need to begin reflecting the external environment by the right human resources and the implementation of different tasks per person (Samson, Terziovski, 1999). The third problem which is a part of Jinkin Jeans is based on the outsourcing and lack of staff that is linked to both the outsourcing and the external environment. Currently, there is no marketing manager that is in place. It is also noted that the two owners continue to micromanage the different products without looking at specif ic needs within the corporation. The values with outsourcing and the communication processes don’t have any trained individuals which are working for the corporation and are unable to provide relevant processes that are a part of the corporation. This is combined with a lack of understanding of where the human resource management should implement leadership skills and what the main focus

System Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

System Analysis - Essay Example Use cases can be used for almost every kind of project for the reason that they are cooperative in providing information about planning related issues and requirements of the project. Thus, in the beginning of a project the majority use cases should be defined, however as the project carries on more capacity turns out to be noticeable. In simple words, the basic purpose of use case diagram is to recognize the major elements and procedures that make up the system. These major elements are recognized as "actors" and the procedures are known as "use cases." In this scenario, the use case diagram demonstrates which actors relate with each use case (Braun et al., 2011) and (Chitnis et al., 2003). Use Case Diagram of WBF Ltd rental system B- Use case description The process of defining the overall use case along with main aspects of interactions between the system and the users is known as use case description. In the scenario of system development, the main purpose of use case description is to explain overall procedures in addition to aspects those are demonstrated in the diagram so that the viewer can have better overview of the interactions and processes (Sommerville, 2004) and (Pressman, 2001). Rental Process Use case description Use case Description This use case describes the process of film rental for customer. In this scenario a customer places a request for the film. In case film is available then customer provides his personal details. After recording customer details system stores the system film rental information and processes payment information. After payment processing system delivers the receipt to the customer. Precondition/s In order to process film rental request there is a precondition for the availability of the film in stock. If the required film is available in the film stock then the system processes the film rental request. Post condition/s For the successful completion of the overall rental process, there is a need to implement a proper ap proach for processing the payment of customer. After receiving payment from the customer, system carries out the rental requests as well as provides it by saving customer and film information and delivering the payment receipt. Steps I have outlined below some of the main steps for the overall process of film rental case: Customer requests for renting a film Customer selects the desired movie Customer provides personal details Customer pays the required cost of film he wants to take on rent System saves information System delivers receipt Assuming that the customer has chosen the film and it is available to rent out, produce a step-by-step use case description for the use case ‘Check out Film’ in WBF Ltd rental system using an appropriate template/format that should include: C- Role of class diagram Class diagrams are the foundation of object-oriented design and analysis. Class diagrams demonstrate the classes of the main system that we are going to develop, their invol vements (comprising aggregation, inheritance as well as relationship), and the characteristics and processes of the classes. Moreover, class diagrams are used to carry out a broad range of functions, such as together domain/abstract modeling and comprehensive design

How a society could improve its functionality Essay

How a society could improve its functionality - Essay Example One of the long-term benefits of this theory is that behaviours are improved to suit the majority after they are treated with. Therefore, deviant behaviours that disrupt the social norms are then adjusted to be capable of bonding much more strongly to the society. Deviation that takes place in any society is because people experience different types of social pressure, that restrict the preferences when an individual performing any action practically (Howe, 1987). Lately, it was becoming increasingly doubtful whether this theory will ever see the psycho-social view. The reason is that Goldschmidt discussed in the book; 'the anti-historic approach made it impossible to examine social processes, rejection of psychology made it impossible to understand attitudes and sentiments, and the rejection of culture led to a lack of recognition of the ecological context' . Thus, now the fixers approach social systems in all three types psycho-socially, behaviourally and/or functionally (Howe, 1987). Psychoanalysis helps by reflecting the situations a person faced during his/her childhood and behaviourally it is concentrating on problems during that time period. While sociologically, functionalism ensures that social order doesn't overrule stability as Brown defines in his book. 'The continuity of the social structure is not destroyed by changes in the units'. People, who have been isolated by the society, are treated by helping them develop the relationsh ip with the society. Fixers of the society face problems like individually induced pathology, systems failure and others. Whereas, the limitations faced by fixer theory is rather concerned with the scientific methods, which is arguable, as uses implies that the people living in the physical world are objectively real. It can be successfully observed through conducting social analysis or interviews. Conversely, if the society lacks the consistency to stabilize the culturally suitable behaviours or norms, there are several social control mechanisms which restore this conformity. The control mechanisms ensure functional consistency, by restoring it or isolating the ones who don't obey the rules. But according to Brown 'this limits the value of human rights to live as they would like to'. They are seen merely as objects rather than individuals. The functionalist theory is oblivious to the natural and historical process, so it assumes that societies are meant to be in equilibrium. This helped the functionalists to predict the place of an individual in a social system along with the expectations which are supposed to be fulfilled. In other words, it means that every individual's behaviour can be predicted scientifically! In spite of all this, sociologists believe that they can understand the laws, which define the behaviours of a society. Although, this serves as an incentive for further research on this subject, while the objective analysis may not completely comprehend the social phenomena in the long run. References: Howe. D. 1987. Introduction to Social Work Theory. Revised Edition. UK. Publisher: Ashgate. Brown. R & Kuper.A. 1977. The Social Anthropology of Radcliffe-Brown. Edition:

System Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

System Analysis - Essay Example Use cases can be used for almost every kind of project for the reason that they are cooperative in providing information about planning related issues and requirements of the project. Thus, in the beginning of a project the majority use cases should be defined, however as the project carries on more capacity turns out to be noticeable. In simple words, the basic purpose of use case diagram is to recognize the major elements and procedures that make up the system. These major elements are recognized as "actors" and the procedures are known as "use cases." In this scenario, the use case diagram demonstrates which actors relate with each use case (Braun et al., 2011) and (Chitnis et al., 2003). Use Case Diagram of WBF Ltd rental system B- Use case description The process of defining the overall use case along with main aspects of interactions between the system and the users is known as use case description. In the scenario of system development, the main purpose of use case description is to explain overall procedures in addition to aspects those are demonstrated in the diagram so that the viewer can have better overview of the interactions and processes (Sommerville, 2004) and (Pressman, 2001). Rental Process Use case description Use case Description This use case describes the process of film rental for customer. In this scenario a customer places a request for the film. In case film is available then customer provides his personal details. After recording customer details system stores the system film rental information and processes payment information. After payment processing system delivers the receipt to the customer. Precondition/s In order to process film rental request there is a precondition for the availability of the film in stock. If the required film is available in the film stock then the system processes the film rental request. Post condition/s For the successful completion of the overall rental process, there is a need to implement a proper ap proach for processing the payment of customer. After receiving payment from the customer, system carries out the rental requests as well as provides it by saving customer and film information and delivering the payment receipt. Steps I have outlined below some of the main steps for the overall process of film rental case: Customer requests for renting a film Customer selects the desired movie Customer provides personal details Customer pays the required cost of film he wants to take on rent System saves information System delivers receipt Assuming that the customer has chosen the film and it is available to rent out, produce a step-by-step use case description for the use case ‘Check out Film’ in WBF Ltd rental system using an appropriate template/format that should include: C- Role of class diagram Class diagrams are the foundation of object-oriented design and analysis. Class diagrams demonstrate the classes of the main system that we are going to develop, their invol vements (comprising aggregation, inheritance as well as relationship), and the characteristics and processes of the classes. Moreover, class diagrams are used to carry out a broad range of functions, such as together domain/abstract modeling and comprehensive design

Personal statement, Career and Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal statement, Career and Education - Essay Example I am attracted to the University of Las Vegas because of the faculty, the curriculum, and particularly because of the opportunities for hands-on training and education. Actually, I have been interested in the research and the application of scientific techniques to the health care field for many years. At Santa Ana College, for instance, I studied Pharmacy Technology in addition to focusing on chemistry and biology. Even before I decided to earn my degree in chemical engineering, I was interested in how my scientific background might be applied in the health care environment. My attractions to this field of study are essentially twofold. As an initial matter, I am fascinated by problem-solving projects. Using my theoretical knowledge to diagnose conditions and to resolve problems is an extraordinarily fulfilling task. Second, knowing that people would benefit medically from my research and work is also attractive. Ideally, I would like to use my education and training as a basis for further research. My goal is to become an expert in the field and to pursue advanced study. As mentioned before, I have a particular interest in research and development. I am interested in publishing and perhaps becoming an instructor in the future.

The Elements of Religion in 19th Century in America Essay Example for Free

The Elements of Religion in 19th Century in America Essay In the 19th century United States of America was experiencing new developments in religion. Different movements and sects emerged as a result of the inspirations by the new interpretation of the Bible, the expectation of the second coming of Christ and the teachings by the new thinkers and prophets The philosophical and scientific questions that arose at this time also contributed to the changes that took place in the religion in this country. This period was characterized by the second and the third great awakening in the religion The spirit of revival was spreading all over the country just like it had happened in the first Great Awakening. This wave led to the emergence of the new movements such as Restorationism, Mormons and the holiness movement in New York. The revival saw the growth of the Methodists and Baptists as the two denominations gained new members especially the freed slaves. Missionaries’ societies were set up to help in the process of evangelization in the country. Members of the missionaries’ societies acted as the educators and the apostles. (Noll,Mark 1992 93) The Baptists and Methodists sent missionaries to the south where they were able to convert many people especialy the slaves. Protestants also gained members although not to a greater extent as the the evangelical churches. There was a marked growth of the non denomiational churches such as the Churches of Christ which advocated to the return of the standard teaching of the Bible. Many people were seeking a return to what they believed as the fundamental teachings of the New Testament. The missionaries society in the south converted both the slave owners and the slaves. The changes that took place in this region gave the slaves some freedom in the course fof conducting their own affairs in the church. Though there was some attempt by the slave owners to control their services the move was met with a stiff opposition from the slaves who maintained that they will be running their own affairs. This happened despite passage of legislation requiring the Balck slaves to have a white man anytime they were conducting In the Appalachian the revival was done through use of the camp meetings where mutiple preachers evangelized to the locals for several days urging them to turn away from their sins. There was an emotional following that characterized these meetings where converts came together and formed small local gatherings. (Noll,Mark 1992 254) The revival spread ot the other parts of the country where different denomination were busy converting followers. The methods were not one of the denomination that employed the best method and had a very efficient organization. Baptist on the other hand did not have any church organization ,its first prechers were people who had receive4d a call from God. Noll in his book a History of Christianity in United States and Canada observes that the second great awakening was very influential in the American church history. It brought a wide and strong rekindling of interest on religion all over the country. It provided a platform through which similar patterns of revivals were experienced at different times of the century in the country. During the American Revolution war the state of Christianity in this country had been injured greatly, the war had disrupted church activities especially in the regions where the war was very intense. The congregations had been disrupted such that in some areas they had ceased to operate. This affected the mission of theses gathering as they were not in the position to continue with their evangelization activities during the war. The war had dealt a very heavy blow on the church especially the Episcopal Church which was believed to be closely associated by England. It was treated with suspicion due to the fact that many people saw its association with the England the former colonial power. There was a general decline on the interest of the church affairs. People were more concerned with the issues at hand leaving very little time for the church and its activities. (Noll,Mark 1992 156) The revival occurred again after the end of the war, the immigrant communities had kept the fire burning as far as Christianity was concerned. The end of the war brought back the interest that had been there on the religion, again there was a renewed interest on religious matters across the country. There was peace again and the missionaries could continue with their work. They carried their mission with zeal as they reached every corner of the nation. The American Christians took as their responsibility to reform the society also. There are several notable changes that were brought about by the revival of the religion after the war. There was a spirited campaign to rid the society of the veils that characterized it at this moment. The antebellum reform which included: the abolitionism, the fight for women rights and other issues that faced the society. This was seen as God’s plan to purify America. (Noll,Mark 1992 203) Religion in the 19th century underwent tremendous changes which saw the revival of faith in different parts America. The number of denominations increased as well as the members of these churches. The period saw the emergence of sects and movements which have shaped the history of the church since this period. This period emerged as one of the most important in the history of religion in United States of America. Work Cited Noll,Mark A history of Religion in America and Cananda,Grand Rapids W. M. B. Eerdman Publishing Co (1992)

Impact of Branding on Social Class

Impact of Branding on Social Class BRANDING AND ITS IMPACT ON MIDDLE CLASS Introduction 1.1 BRAND What is a brand? The Oxford American Dictionary (1980) contains the following definition: Brand (noun): a trade mark, goods of a particular make: a mark of identification made with a hot iron, the iron used for this: a piece of burning or charred wood, (verb): to mark with a hot iron, or to label with a trade mark. A short history of brand The word ‘brand’ comes from the Old Norse ‘brandr’, meaning to burn. In pre-historic times when the initial phases of trade was coming to existence, it was by burning that early man stamped ownership on his commodity, and with the development of advanced trade of goods; buyers would use such marks (brands) as a means of distinguishing between the goods being transacted. For example a farmer with a particularly good reputation for the quality of his animals would find his brand much sought after, while the brands of farmers with a lesser reputation were to be avoided or treated with caution. Thus the utility of brands as a guide to choice was established, a role that has remained unchanged to the present day. With rapid and gradual advancement in the acknowledgement of brand for particular goods and commodity, people started vying for goods with a good reputation i.e. brand. With the elapse of time goods and brands have changed but the basic concept remains unchanged and it is ultimately brand that persuades a buyer to go for that product. And with the advanced and developed market situation, brand has become an identity not only for the company it represents but also of its customers. Brand itself has developed into a niche and people vie for that segregated population associated to that brand. Brand today holds a very specific position and top brands have today become a sense of class amongst the top notch people. People associated to a brand don’t go for the product but rather to the brand itself. And brand has set a platform to the people specially the elite class people as a way of differentiating themselves from others. But today with the financial strength of the overall population brand has become a favorite among the middle class population as well. Middle class population that focused on reliable and durable products in the past have started becoming brand conscious and the major factor for this can be the realization in part of the companies in better understanding of the market scenario of the middle class population and diversifying itself in catering to that segment of people. And in parts of the customers they have started realizing in the concept of quality over quantity. Brand established companies nowadays have started manufacturing goods and services as per the demand of these middle class people with quality goods on reasonable prices. And this has played a major role in attracting more and more people into its circle. But a major hindrance for these products and services has become cheap imitation and delicacy. From the time of establishment of brand, imitation has been found along time, so it can be justified that the practice of unlawful imitation lurked close behind, a practice that remains common till this day, even in the presence of highly developed legal systems. 1.2 SOCIAL CLASS Social class refers to a group of people with similar levels of wealth, influence, and status. Sociologists typically use three methods to determine social class. Humans have evolved living in a closed community and have thus been categorized according to their surrounding and their social identity and circle. Social class is that segmentation which varies the people according to this social status and financial stronghold. Accordingly they can be differentiated as follows: Upper class people Upper-middle class people Middle-class people Lower-middle Class People Lower Class People This segmentation according to their financial situation has been the center of attraction for marketers around the globe. Marketers focus on individual segment of people according to the product and services they serve. Some serve the niche market while many serve other general segments. But with financial increment of other class especially of the middle class, more companies serving the top class have started putting their focus on middle class people. 1.3 Objectives: General Objectives To find the importance of brand amongst general public. To identify the market scenario of branded products. Specific Objectives To analyze the trend of brand influence among the middle class population. To study the stronghold of middle class people in the space of branded goods. 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY Brand has come a long way with the advancement of market and the people associated to the market. Brand nowadays cannot sustain itself only by serving the elite class so the focus has been made relying on the trend and demand of the market, and accordingly their focus has been more directed towards middle class people and their demands. Another aspect of analyzing the situation can be the possibility of threat to the companies itself in trying to penetrate such a volatile segment that are still price conscious in some regards. And identifying the challenges for the brands itself and the consumers is also an important part of this study. 1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS Has brand become so strong that it can easily influence the price sensitive population or is it the cheap imitation that has taken over their market? 1.6 RESEARCH STATEMENT The present middle class population feels more connected to the brand they are attached to than the traditional people/ family. With more and more brands being made available at reasonable price, this segment of population has become the magnetic pull for companies that carry its significant brand. So have the companies really succeeded in luring this class of people towards itself or is it just an unsung tale of what they are yet to achieve. 1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Although this study has tried uncovering the areas related to brand and its impact on middle class population, total evaluation may be lagging, and the limitation for this has been mentioned below: As the cause of lack of adequate time and required information, some aspect of this study may do injustice to the overall scenario of the market. Limited number of people of this segment will be interviewed and the questionnaires filled accordingly. Some of the filled questionnaires may have doubtful results so proper information may be absent. 2. Literature Review Brand itself is not a product nor an identity put forward by an individual or a company, rather it is an instinctive feeling that individual carries about for a product or services. Trust and Gut feeling on any product is a brand. And this trust comes from meeting and beating customer’s expectation, which comes from brand values as: Price premium Customer preferences Replacement cost Stock Price and Future Earnings And the main purpose of branding is to get more people to buy more stuff for more years at a higher price. (Brand Gap: A VISUAL PRESENTATION BY MARTY NEUMEIER) And brands that catered to the top class people has successfully lured in more and more middle class population into its circle through this trust it has created amongst the total population. The penny pinching population that thrives on price subsidized products has started minimizing their quantitative expenses to focus more on brands they get attracted to. Different types of companies have different concepts of exactly what it means to be middle class. Using income level as the defining criterion for differentiation of class is reasonable. But simply judging a group by income is far from sufficient for marketers of consumer goods. Such marketers trying to reach the middle class have to know more than their salaries. They must know what makes middle class consumers tick. Income plays a powerful role in most purchasing decisions for any consumer segment, but other elements play a role that is sometimes greater than income. When products are relatively inexpensive, income has little influence on a consumer’s decision making process. Deciding to buy chocolate, for example, depends significantly more on consumers’ emotion and shopping experience—a store’s ambience, for example—than it does on how much money they make. /’Using income as the only indicator of spending habits allows much information to slip through the cracks. In addition, income is a difficult variable to act upon, in part because the data on income can be either unavailable or unreliable in most cases. Thus, companies must find meaningful alternatives to predict what consumers can afford and what they are willing to pay for certain goods and services. Zeithaml (1982, 1988) suggests in most purchasing decision customers objective is to Get the best for the money. This represents the combination of price and value orientation which is the most important consideration for most of the consumers. Crier and Ross (1997) maintains that the greater the perceived value, the greater that the customers will be interested in purchasing. They (Crier Ross) explained the term value orientation saying Consumer trends to select the lowest price alternatives when the options in the choice set are perceived to have the same level of benefit. Consumers are becoming more price conscious does not mean that they always go for the lowest price, rather they will seek for affordable price range among their acceptable quality range. Maccilil, (1987), in his study told about the total business and household consumer market that both classes consider price, quality, convenient location as the most powerful influential factors in selecting or buying consumer goods. In the same time Winklin and Duery (1987) conducted a similar study focusing on the two groups of consumers having high income and low income in USA proved the influential forces earlier described by Maccilil. In the theory of marketing and buyer behavior, the concept of social class is considered the basic determinant of consumption behavior. In fact, among behavioral scientists, there was a consensus that market behavior of individuals is closely related to their social class. In this context, social class was often considered more important than income in affecting buying behavior (Slocum and Mathews, 1970). Though these mentioned research pave a road map as to how brand influence the market of middle class people and how brand has come a long way from being a niche to being available for all in the developed nation; the basic format or the fundamentals remains the same even for developing nation like ours. And it can be concluded that of the all class of people, middle class population has become the center target for the companies to penetrate and establish itself. 2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The dependent and independent variables are as follows: Dependent variables Sales Volume Customer Loyalty Independent Variables Availability of products at affordable prices Financial Stronghold Environment Social Up gradation 3. Research Methodology 3.1 Research Design: This research can be categorized as descriptive and observational study. This can be explained on the fact that it is based on what the trend persists on the market place and also includes facts and findings based on survey being carried out. 3.2 Population/ Sampling: Provided the fact of more brand conscious population is on the rise, this report is based only on limited sampling given the limited time period and resources. Not much study has been conducted on this topic; hence it is limited to certain aspect and does not represent the total scenario of the market. 3.3 Nature of data The source of data is categorized on two fronts: Primary Source: Interview Questionnaire Secondary Source: E-Books and magazines 3.4 Data collection technique Interview: Interview is the best and the most effective method of collecting data, because you get a firsthand knowledge about the present market scenario and the impact of what you’re searching for your study. This helps the interviewers gets to observe the intended market and its population and extract the immediate knowledge of the market. Questionnaire: Questionnaire helps the researcher to find exactly what is to be found and analyzed. A perfectly shaped set of questions gives the intended findings. It also helps to get quick results on a limited time frame. 3.5 Expected Findings Through this research I expect to understand the real market scenario of the branded products and its impact on the middle class population; their reaction towards branded goods and services and their responsiveness towards the strategies played by the companies. References: http://www.chinabusinessreview.com/understanding-chinas-middle-class/ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/travel_news/article-2921577/Middle-class-travellers-demanding-300MILLION-upgrades-holiday-homes-luxury-self-catering-trend-takes-hold.html The Oxford American Dictionary (1980) Zeithaml (1982, 1988) Crier and Ross (1997) Maccilil (1987) Winklin and Duery (1987) Slocum and Mathew (1970) Gantt chart / Work plan Budget S.N Particulars Budget Head Amount 1. Travelling expenses Travelling and expenses 700 2. Stationery Miscellaneous 500 3. Printing of questionnaires, proposal and final report Print and publishing 200 Total 1400 Questionnaire Describe what ‘brand’ means to you? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. In which social class do you put yourself in? Upper Class Upper Middle Class Middle Class Lower Class Define your annual income in the scale (in thousand) If others specify†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ What do you see in a product? Price Quality Brand All of the above Scale your reliance on brand? 1086420 Do you always purchase branded products? Yes No Why do you prefer branded products? To maintain social status Brand consciousness Peer pressure Quality What do you think influences people to buy a branded product? Quality Product Availability Competitive Price Good value and services Do you think branded products marketed for upper class people is as same as the products for the middle class people? Yes No Do you think brand has really attracted the middle class people of our market scenario? Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree When it comes to consumable goods do you think brand for a product has a significance? Yes No Do you consider yourself a price sensitive costumer? Yes No Do you bargain when buying a branded product or do you settle at the set premium price? Yes No Do you actually prefer brand or does cheap imitation satisfy you? Brand Cheap imitation is preferable Brand helps middle class people to upgrade their social status? Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree If you consider yourself a brand conscious person, has brand upgraded your status? Yes No Do you agree the price tag placed is justifiable for the branded products? Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree

King Henry Iv Part 1 - Hal :: essays research papers

Shakespeare gives the reader the opportunity to view the timeless duplicity of a politician in Prince Hal of Henry IV, Part 1. Instead of presenting a rather common hero, Shakespeare sharpens the both sides of the sword and makes Hal a deceitful prince. In order to portray accurately the treachery and fickleness of Hal, Shakespeare must provide Hal with models to follow, rivals to defeat, and a populace to convince. Although Hal would not have to grovel for votes from England's populace to become king, he does understand the problems of being an unpopular ruler from witnessing his father's problems. So Hal needs to persuade a general population that he is competent in order to remain a king once he has obtained the throne. Shakespeare wants the play to seem sympathetic to Hal, and he wants Hal to convince the audience (populace) himself.Therefore, Hal's fraudulence is hidden in undertones and slips of the tongue which he makes throughout the play. The first indication of this comes at his soliloquy in Act 2, Scene 1. It would be impossible for a reasonable man to have boozed and bummed all of his teen years and suddenly renounce his life and become reborn. There is an amoral quality to Hal that allows him to change allegiances as political winds would call it wise. But it is not just amorality that makes Hal a politician - he desires power as well. His amorality culminates in his eulogies for Hotspur and Falstaff with the greatest grasp of power he makes in the play. After he gives them and Falstaff is found alive, he realizes that he has made a slight blunder and backs off a bit, allowing Falstaff some room to remain. But while he delivers them, he is at his best, being the worst. His basic behavior appears king-like, but the subtleties show his utter disregard for those who love him and his calculating mind making political estimates so that he can secure the throne.Even though Hal is an amoral huckster, he must be able to convince others of his worthiness for the play to work. Therefore, Shakespeare must spend most of Hal's speeches using a convincing tone. He will use the overtones and most of the direct meanings of what Hal says to convey a thoughtful prince; he will use the undertones and occasional slips to give insight to the reality of Hal's persona.

Humorous Wedding Speech by a Fellow Engineering Student :: Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Humorous Wedding Speech by a Fellow Engineering Student Ladies and Gentlemen – hello! I would like to start by thanking Eric, on behalf of the bridesmaids, for his kind words. I am sure you will all agree that they look absolutely gorgeous and have carried out their duties magnificently. I’m not sure how much tequila it took, but the bride arrived one time and seemingly cured of all her wedding day nerves. Also, we shouldn’t forget James, the pageboy, who has also done a sterling job today. You may have noticed that he was entrusted with the rings and not me, the supposed best man. Eric, I know we were students together – and back in those days I would have certainly been tempted to pawn them both for some extra beer money – but please, the drinks today are already on you. For those who don't know, I met Eric at Swansea University, where we both spent three years not reading for a degree in Engineering. That said, we did conduct some excellent practical research on tika masala viscosity, chapatti-nan absorbency co-efficients, and the fluid dynamics of snakebite and black. Actually, we met in the first term in our Hall launderette. He came over and asked me if I knew how to operate the machines. It was about the 8th week of term – and the clean clothes he’d arrived from home with 2 months earlier were in desperate need of liquid refreshment. There’s only so much that deodorant can do for a pair of boxer shorts. Anyway, we got chatting and I was immediately impressed by Eric's friendliness, his willingness to talk lucidly on just about any subject, his quick mind, and how those same boxer shorts managed to make their own way to the washing machine. But more about those scholarly days shortly. As I did only meet Eric a few years ago, I’ve had to rely on his own account of earlier years. Apparently, the young Eric Wilson was an exceptionally gifted child. He sat his GCSE’s whilst his contemporaries were doing the 11-plus and then concentrated on his first novel, which he published at the age of 15. When it came to A-levels, his English teacher was left in tears when he opted for the Sciences. He then reluctantly turned down offers from Oxford, Cambridge and Harvard, in order to study at that other great beacon of learning – Swansea.

Back in Shakespeare Essay

Back in Shakespeare’s days courtly love was a fashionable tradition. What happened was the men saw the women as Goddesses but their love was more often unrequited. But the men would send them love letters in the form of sonnets in order to win the woman’s love, however it usually failed leaving the man feeling melancholic. This is the position Romeo found himself in as he was in love with a girl called Rosaline. Montague and Benvolio notice a change in Romeo’s behaviour due to this and Montague explains how he â€Å"shuts up his windows† and â€Å"locks fair daylight out† this shows that Romeo attempts to isolate himself from the outside world and really is depressed. As Romeo enters the scene the audience can see for themselves his state of mind during his conversation with Benvolio. His replies to Benvolio’s comments are short and subdued and he explains, â€Å"sad hours seem long†. We can work out from this that Romeo is not having a good time so our sympathy wins him over and we hope for his luck to change. As we move onto scene 2, we meet Paris, who is a man hoping to marry Juliet and is trying to convince Capulet to allow him to, however Capulet seems to think Juliet is too young for marriage as â€Å"She hath not seen the change of fourteen years†. The possible marriage between Paris and Juliet is exciting for the audience yet it is an obstacle between the forthcoming relationship between Romeo and Juliet. The scene then cuts back to Romeo and his problems with courtly love. Benvolio who is aware of Romeo’s problem tries to be a useful friend by giving him advice. His advice is â€Å"one fire burns out another’s burning†, this is a metaphorical way of putting; you should find someone else and forget about Rosaline. Then as ‘Clown’ from the Capulet family is struggling to read a party invitation he asks Romeo and Benvolio to read the list out for him. Romeo notices that Rosalie’s name is on this list and the pair therefore decide to find a way of going to the ‘masqued ball’ to give Romeo a chance of fore filling his dream of meeting Rosaline. The fact it’s a masqued ball means they can get in whilst in disguise and probably get away with it and this thought enters Benvolio’s head. In scene 3 we meet the Nurse. A nurse is the Elizabethan equivalent to a child minder, however in these days they were hired out commonly by wealthy upper class families and were pretty much part of the family, they would raise the children and even breast feed them when they are babies. This particular Nurse raised Juliet and the two of them are very close. She is a bubbly character who often tells sexual jokes or sexual innuendo’s and tells Juliet stories about when she was younger usually embarrassing her. From seeing the play myself I remember the nurse being an entertaining character and was an audience favourite which was most noticeable by the applause she got at the end. Her sexual humour is shown where she says, â€Å"dost thou fall upon thy face? Thou wilt fall backward when thou hast more wit, wilt thou not, Jule?† This is a crude joke of falling onto her back for sex and most fourteen year olds would find an adult talking to them like this terribly embarrassing yet the audience find it comical and entertaining. Soon after; Juliet discovers Paris’s desire to marry her and to the nurses delight Juliet replies â€Å"It is an honour that I dream not of†. Again the audience are excited by what is now a probable marriage yet it also questions the possibility of Romeo and Juliet getting together. Whilst on their way to the Capulet masqued ball Romeo predicts the future when saying â€Å"for my mind misgreaves some consequence, yet hanging in the stars†, similarly to what it says in the prologue; Romeo is saying he fears an unfortunate accident. The audience therefore semi-expect this to ironically happen. This is meant to create tension especially when he says about an â€Å"untimely death†, which along with the prologue suggests young death. Scene 5 is set in the Capulet household as it is the location of their ‘masqued ball’. A ‘masqued ball’ was a fashionable party to have in Elizabethan times where everyone went disguised in a mask. It was the equivalent to what a fancy dress party is today and this is why the Montague’s were able to get in with little suspicion from the Capulet’s. Party’s are always a popularity and so Shakespeare made this scene a key one in the play for the entertainment of the audience. From what the audience have seen so far, Romeo is a melodramatic isolated character. He has won over our sympathy and as he is one of the main characters we all want to see things turn around for him. The reason Shakespeare presents him as a melancholic lover is to emphasise the artificial nature of his love for Rosaline in comparison to the genuine emotion he feels for Juliet. We witness the two types of love juxtaposed and recognise that his love for Juliet is positive, energising and less of a ‘pose’. But by presenting him in love with someone else initially, it creates romantic suspense for the audience. When Romeo first sees Juliet, it is described as ‘love at first sight’, this really helps to emphasise how he feels about her. From the audiences point of view, Romeo appears to be shocked by how much Juliet stands out by the way he says â€Å"O she doth teach torches to burn bright†, the reason he says ‘O’ at the start of his speech is purely to emphasise his emotion. The speech as a whole is a type of light imagery and explains how her beauty stands out so much to Romeo. He then goes on to say â€Å"†¦she hangs upon the cheek of night / As a rich jewel in an Ethiops ear†, this is a metaphorical way of saying that she is beautiful, precious and rare to him as is â€Å"Beauty too rich for use†. These are both examples of wealth imagery. The majority of his speech in this part of the scene is imagery and metaphorical to help stress his feelings for Juliet, he also claims she â€Å"Shows a snowy dove trooping with crows†. This is in the category of bird and colour imagery and helps to stand out the point that she really does stand out from the crowd. As explained by courtly love, it was a common thing for men to respect women like they are goddesses, and Romeo uses this kind of ‘holy imagery’ when he says â€Å"†¦touching hers, make blessed my rude hand†. Overall the speech shows strong romantic inte rest due to how Romeo is so intense, passionate and genuine. This is one of the most loving parts of the story; however it is interrupted as the fiery character of Tybalt notices that a Montague is present. He clearly shows his anger by referring Romeo as a â€Å"slave†, which is saying that Romeo is like his inferior. As Capulet enters the scene; Tybalt threatens to â€Å"strike him dead†, however, Capulet bears in mind what the Prince said, in that any more fighting would mean their â€Å"lives would pay the forfeit† and as he wants no violence at the party, he aggressively prevents Tybalt from making any wrong moves. The hatred is then interrupted by the love of Romeo and Juliet as they meet and talk for the first time. Their conversation is set out in the style of a sonnet as of course; these were popular in the Elizabethan and Medieval times. It is very poetic, passionate and filled with religious imagery. The language is intense, memorable and uses rhyming couplets at the end of every other line to help it to sound better and stand out. Juliet is very responsive to Romeo’s requests and appears to want Romeo to kiss her, which was a rarity in the courtly love tradition. Romeo flirtatiously refers to Juliet as a ‘Pilgrim’; this shows how he respects her like a Goddess and this is the start of a large amount of religious imagery. In addition to that, Juliet answers back with her own religious metaphors like â€Å"And palm to palm is holy palmers kiss† this also contains some alliteration due to the repetitive use of words containing ‘palm’. The speech overall is a pattern of Romeo flirting to Juliet and Juliet flirting back, this keeps the flow of the conversation going and on a couple of occasions we witness a kiss. All this comes to a sudden end as the Nurse enters the scene and they discover each others identity. The nurse calls Juliet to go to her mother and when she is gone explains to Romeo â€Å"Her mother is the lady of the house† and of course Romeo realises this is the Capulet house. Benvolio calls Romeo away from the scene explaining â€Å"The sport is at the best† which informs that he knows the best part of the night is over and their identity has been discovered. This means that the Montague’s have to make a swift exit effectively making Romeo and Juliet’s ‘moment’ short with a sudden end. This leaves the nurse and Juliet alone together. Juliet finds out from the Nurse that Romeo is in fact a Montague and is clearly devastated by this when she says â€Å"My grave is like to be my wedding bed† and â€Å"My only love sprung from my only hate. All the way throughout this scene; Shakespeare juxtaposes love and hate. The first sight of love is at Romeo’s first glimpse of Juliet and the whole ‘love at first sight’ event, this is interrupted by Tybalt noticing Romeo and wanting to cause a violent act but he is stopped by Capulet. This allows Romeo and Juliet to have their first speech in the form of the love sonnet although when the two realise each other’s identity, the hate between the two families takes over leaving the audience wondering if the power of their love is strong enough to overcome the hate. In conclusion to the opening act of the play; Shakespeare creates many ‘untied’ ends to the story. This makes the audience want to carry on watching to get an answer to their questions; questions such as will Tybalt fore fill his threat towards Romeo? Are Romeo and Juliet going to die and if so how? Will Paris marry Juliet? And will there be any more fighting? The only possible way for the audience to find an answer to these questions is to carry on watching the play. This was Shakespeare’s objective for the opening act and he has therefore successfully completed it.